英语语言学导学手册(下).doc

英语语言学导学手册(下).doc

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《英语语言学》导学手册（下）

语用学基本知识

1.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?

语用学是什么？

Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

Thedevelopmentofpragmaticswithinlinguisticsisthenecessaryconsequenceofthedevelopmentoflinguisticstudies,especiallythatofsemantics.Althoughbothpragmaticsandsemanticsbasicallystudymeaning,pragmaticsdiffersfromtraditionalsemanticsinthatitstudiesmeaningnotinisolationbutincontext.

1.1sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning句子意义与话语意义

Sentencemeaningreferstotheabstractcontext-independententitycalledsemanticproposition.Ontheotherhand,utterancemeaningiscontext-dependent.Itisgenerallyregardedastheproductofsentencemeaningandcontext;thereforethemeaningofanutteranceisricherthanthemeaningofthesentencefromwhichitisderived.Utterancemeaningisidenticalwiththepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence.

1.2Context语境

Contextisanimportantnotioninthepragmaticstudyofmeaning.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Itincludesbackgroundknowledge,i.e.knowledgeoftheworld,knowledgespecifictothesituationofcommunication,aswellasknowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse.

2.SpeechActTheory言语行为理论

ThespeechacttheoryproposedbyJohnAustinisanimportanttheoryinthestudyofmeaningasrelatedtothecontext.Accordingtothistheory,weareperformingvariouskindsofactswhenwearespeaking;thuslinguisticcommunicationiscomposedofasuccessionofacts.

2.1ConstativeandPerformativeUtterances陈述性话语与行为性话语

Austinfirstmadetheprimarydistinctionbetweentwotypesofutterances:

constativeandperformative.Theconstativeutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse.Theperformativeutteranceisusedoperformanactionandhasnotruevalue.ButAustinwasnotsatisfiedwithit;hefinallyconductedanewmodel.

2.2Austin’sNewModel奥斯汀的新模式

AccordingtoAustin’snewmodel,aspeaker,whilemakinganutterance,isinmostcasesperformingthreeactssimultaneously.

a）ALocutionaryAct以言指事行为

Alocutionaryactistheactofsayingsomething;itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

b）AnIllocutionaryAct以言做事行为

Anillocutionaryactistheactperformedinsayingsomething;itsforceisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.

c）APerlcutionaryAct以言成事行为

Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

2.3Searle’sContributionstotheSpeechActTheory斯尔对言语行为理论的贡献

a）TheDistinctionandRelatednessbetweenthePropositionalContentandIllocutionaryAct

Thepropositionalcontentofanutteranceisconstitutedbywhatobjectisbeingreferredtointheutteranceandwhatactionispredicatedabouttheobject.

b）TheClassificationofIllocutionaryAct以言做事行为的分类

SearlespecifiesfivegeneraltypesofIllocutionaryacts

（1）Representatives阐述类

Theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecase,tothetruthoftheexpressedproposition.Inotherwords,whileperformingthistypeofact,thespeakerismakingastatementorgivingadescriptionwhichhehimselfbelievestobetrue.Stating,believing,swearing,hypothesizingareamongthemosttypicaloftherepresentatives.

（2）Directives指令类

Directivesareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.Inviting,suggesting,requesting,warning,threatening,orderingareallspecificinstanceofthisclass.

（3）Commissives承诺类

Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalcases.

（4）Expressives表达类

Theillocutionarypointofexpressivesistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedinthepropositionalcontent.Thespeakerisexpressinghisfeelingsandattitudestowardstheexistingstateofaffairs,e.g.apologizing,thanking,congratulating.

（5）Declarations宣布类

Thelastclass‘declarations’hasthecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofanactofthistypebringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenthepropositionalcontentandreality.

3.PrinciplesofConversation会话原则

3.1TheCo-operativePrinciple合作原则

Inmakingconversation,thereis,asGriceholds,ageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.HecallsthisguidingprincipletheCooperativePrinciple.Hefurtherspecifiesfourmaxims:

a）TheMaximofQuantity量的准则

（1）Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.

（2）Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.

b）TheMaximofQuality质的准则

（1）Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

（2）Dotnotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

c）TheMaximofRelation关系准则

Berelevant

d）TheMaximofManner方式准则

（1）Avoidobscurityofexpression.

（2）Avoidambiguity

（3）Bebrief.

（4）Beorderly.

Thesemaximsarenotalwaysstrictlyobserved.Rather,forvariousreasonstheyareoftenviolated.SomeoftheseviolationsgiverisetowhatGriceterms“conversationalimplicatures”.Inotherwords,whenweviolateanyofthesemaxims,ourlanguagemightbecomeindirect.

3.2ThePolitenessPrinciple礼貌

Thecooperativeprincipleexplainshowconversationalimplicatureisgivenrisetobutitdoesnottelluswhypeopleareoftensoindirectinconveyingwhattheywanttosay.Thisiswherethepolitenessprinciplecomesin.Inthemostgeneralterms,thepolitenessprinciplecanbeformulatedas“maximize”theexpressionofpolitebeliefs”,or,initsnegativeform,“Minimizetheexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.

Thepolitenessprincipleseemstohaveahigherregulativerolethanthecooperativeprinciplebecauseitrequiresforsmoothandeffectivecommunication.

Exercises

I.MatcheachofthefollowingtermsincolumnAwithoneoftheappropriatedefinitionsincolumnB:

ColumnAcolumnB

1.locutionaryactA.Thespeakerisexpressinghisfeelingsandattitudestowardsthe

existingstateofaffairs,

2.illocutionaryactB.Thelastclass‘declarations’hasthecharacteristicthatthe

successfulperformanceofanactofthistypebringsaboutthe

correspondencebetweenthepropositionalcontentandreality.

3.perlocutionaryactC.Theconstativeutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse.

4.representativesD.Theperformativeutteranceisusedoperformanactionandhas

notruevalue.

5.directivesE.Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointisto

committhespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.

6.CommisivesF.Alocutionaryactistheactofsayingsomething;itistheactof

conveyingliteralmeaning.

7.expressivesG.Theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthe

speakertosomething’sbeingtheare,tothetruthofthe

expressedproposition.

8.DeclarationsH.Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfrom

sayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechange

broughtaboutbytheutterance.

9.constativeutteranceI.Directivesareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodo

something.

10.performativeutteranceJ.Anillocutionaryactistheactperformedinsayingsomething;its

forceisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.

II.Explaineachofthefollowingtermsinnomorethan50words:

1.pragmatics2.utterancemeaning3.representatives

4.expressives5.commissives6.politenessprinciple

7.locutionaryact8.Illocutionaryact9.Perlocutionaryact

III.Developoneofthefollowingtopicsintoa200-wordessay:

1.Austin’sspeechacttheory.

2.Cooperativeprinciple.

VIII.LanguageChange语言的变化

本章的学习目的要求

本章学习的中心内容是语言的变化。

全章含研究语言变化的目的与意义、语言变化的本质、英语的历史发展、语系和语言变化的原因等五部分。

本章的学习目的是让学生了解语言的发展史及其变迁规律。

通过学习本章，学生可以从历史发展的角度来深刻认识语言的过去、现在和未来之间的关系，掌握语言历史演变的成因和规律，了解语言群体在其历史变迁中所形成的旁系与直系关系。

语言变化的基本知识

1.Introduction引言

Itisafactthatalllanguageschangethroughtime,thoughtheydosoratherslowly.Wherelanguageshavewrittenrecords,itispossibletoseetheactualchangesthathavetakenplace.

2.SoundChange语音变化

Soundchangestendtobesystematic;itispossibletoseearegularpatternofpronunciationchangesthroughoutthelanguage.Forexample,

WordsMiddleEnglishModernEnglish

Mice[mi:

s][mais]

Mouse[mu:

s][maus]

3.MorphologicalandSyntacticChange形态和句法变化

Morphologicalandsyntacticchangesalsotakeplaceinprogress,forexample,changein“agreement”rule,innegationrule,processofsimplification,lossofinflections,etc.

4.VocabularyChange词汇变化

Vocabularychangecaninclude:

additionofnewwords,lossofwordsandchangesinthemeaningofwords.

4.1AdditionofNewWords增加新词

a）Coinage创新词

Anewwordcanbecoinedorinventedoutrighttofitsomepurpose,e.g.

dacronkodaxerox

b）ClippedWords缩略词

Clippingreferstotheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases,e.g.

gym（gymnastics）fridge（refrigerator）disco（discotheque）

c）Blending紧缩法

Ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwo