初中英语单词运用Word格式文档下载.docx
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过去将来
Would/shoulddo
Would/shouldbedoing
Would/shouldhavedone
Would/shouldhavebeendoing
一般
进行
完成
现在
do/does
am/is/aredoing
have/hasdone
过去
did
was/weredoing
haddone
将来
shall/willdo
shall/willbedoing
shall/willhavedone
过去将来
Would/shoulddo
Would/shouldbedoing
Would/shouldhavedone
但常用的时态有八种。
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时表示经常发生的动作(习惯性的动作)或存在的状态,句中常用always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,never,everyday等时间状语。
例如:
Hegoestoschoolatseveno’clockeveryday.
Thesunrisesintheeast.
(二)一般过去时
一般过去时主要用于表示过去的动作、行为或状态,句中常有yesterday,ago,in1989,once,lastweek(month,year),atthattime,justnow等时间状语。
Hewasbornin1989.
IusedtoplayfootballwhenIwasyoung.
(三)一般将来时
英语动词表示将来时有多种形式,其共同特点是句中常有表示将来时间的状语,如:
tomorrow,nextweek,inaweek等
Wewillvisitthesciencemuseumnextweek.
Wearegoingtodiscusstheproblemtomorrow.
(四)现在进行时
现在进行时表示现在时刻正在进行的动作或表示现阶段正在做的事情,句中常与now,atthismoment等时间状语连用。
Theboyisplayingvideogames.
Hisfatheriswritinganovelthesedays.
(五)现在完成时
现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态,或还要延续下去,句中常用since,for,yet,already等表示一段时间的状语。
GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinasince1980.
Hehasbeeninthisfactoryforfiveyears.
(六)过去进行时
过去进行时表示在过去某个时候正在进行的动作或过去某个阶段正在做的事情。
Hewasreadinganinterestingbookthistimeyesterday.
WhenIcamein,theywerehavingsupper.
(七)过去完成时
表示在过去某个时刻前已经发生的动作或状态,或者从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态。
Bytheendoflastyear,wehadlearnedmorethan2,000Englishwords.
Myteacherhadtaughtinthatschoolfortenyearsbeforeshecamehere.
(八)过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句当中,主句中的谓语动词一般是过去时。
Hesaidthathewouldstudyharderthanbefore.
Hedidn’ttellmewhenhewouldgo.六.名词性从句
名词性从句:
主语从句、宾语从句、补语从句及同位语从句;
定义:
在句子中起名词作用的句子,且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分;
(1)同位语从句
eg:
Iknowtheman,thepresidentoftheNewOrientalSchool.
同位语从句:
对前面名词的进一步解释;
英语中的简单句:
陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。
Heisastudent.
Areyouastudent?
Whoisastudent?
关系词不再和前面的名词有关系,而是取决于后面的从句;
Iknowthefact.
Heisastudent.
Iknowthefactthatheisastudent.
Ihaveaquestion.
Ihaveaquestionweatheryouareastudent.
Ihaveaquestion
whoisastudent.
①
从句仍然接在名词之后,名词有可能为answer,belief,concept,explaination,fact,hope,message,news,promise,prove,question,thought等,后面可以接同位语从句;
形式:
名词+从句;
连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式;
如果是陈述句,直接加that引导;
一般疑问句:
先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上weather或者if;
特殊疑问句:
直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序;
Thenewssoonspreadthewholeschool.
Theyhadwonthegame.
Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadthewholeschool.
Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamecame.
Newscamethattheyhadwonthegame.
Informationhasbeenissued.
Moremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadimitedtouniversities.
Informationthatmoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadimitedtouniversitieshasbeenissued.
Informationhasbeenissuedthatmoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadimitedtouniversities.
Thequestionwasansweredbythefamilydoctor
Weatherweshould
sendforanspecialist.
Thequestion
weatherweshould
sendforanspecialistwasansweredbythefamilydoctor.
同位语从句的形式和定语从句的形式非常相似,两者最大的区别在于同位语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的解释,定语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的修饰和限定;
如果关系词为weather,how,what,一定是同位语从句;
如果名词前的关系词为when,where,why,若when前面的名词是地点,where前面的名词是时间,why前面的名词是原因,那么一定是定语从句;
若when,where,why前面不是地点、时间和原因,那么是同位语从句;
如果关系词为which,则通过中文翻译进行区分;
若which能翻译成哪一个,则一定是同位语从句,若不能,则为定语从句;
如果关系词为that,则需要对句子进行成分分析来判定;
如果that在句子中充当成分,则是定语从句,否则即为同位语从句;
Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.
Thesuggestionthatshehasgiveninthemeetingisgood.
例:
Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'
smoralclimate,saysthisethicsprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,isreasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.五、定语从句:
Iknowthegirl.
ThegirlcomesfromBeijing.
IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.
步骤:
1.找到两个句子中相同的名词;
2.将两个名词中的一个进行替换,若是人,用who替换;
若是物,用which替换;
that既可以指人,又可以指物;
3.将who或which引导的句子放在相同名词之后;
Ilikereadingbooks.
ThebookswerewrittenbyOHenry.
IlikereadingbookswhichwerewrittenbyOHenry.
Iplantedatree.
Thetreeistallerthanthehouse.
ThetreewhichIplantedistallerthanthehouse.
1.who/that/which所引导的句子必须放在相同名词之后;
Theteacherprizedtheboy.
Theboyismyneighbor.
Theboywhotheteacherprizedismyneighbor.
Thisisthebook.
Youarelookingforthebook.
Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.
Youareinterestedinthebook.
Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.
2.谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系:
关系紧密&关系疏远;
关系紧密:
谓语结构和介词合成在一起,联系紧密,不可分割,一旦分割意思就会发生改变;
lookfor,beinterestedin,lookafter,lookat
定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密,则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面,不能做任何位置的改动;
如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远,介词一般提到which/who/that的前面;
eg:
Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.
Thisisthebookwhichyou
askedfor.
3.关系代词和关系副词:
Beijingistheplace.
Iwasbornintheplace.
BeijingistheplacewhichIwasbornin.
BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.
定语从句中,如果介词+which表示地点,则可以用where替换;
BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.
Ican'
tforgettheday.
Ijointhearmyontheday.
tforgetthedaywhichIjointhearmyon.
tforgetthedayonwhichIjointhearmy.
tforgetthedaywhenIjointhearmy.
判断:
ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.
ThisisthemountainvillageinwhichIvisitedlastyear.
ThisisthemountainvillagewhichIvisitedinlastyear.
正确:
Thisisthemountainvillagewhich/thatIvisitedlastyear.
4.判断关系代词和关系副词的方法:
(1)不管是关系代词还是关系副词,都取决于从句中的谓语动词;
若该谓语动词为及物动词,则一定使用关系代词;
若该谓语动词为不及物动词,且其后没有介词,则一定使用关系副词;
IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.
IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.
IwillneverforgetthedayswhichIspentinthecountryside.
(2)通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分
Isthisthemuseum(that)youvisitedafewdaysago?
themuseum:
充当visit的宾语
Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasheld?
关系代词:
前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分;
介词+which,恰好表示时间和地点,可以替换成when,where这样的关系副词;
5限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
(1)非限定性定语从句:
先行词(即名词)后有一个逗号;
Inourschool,therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.(限定性定语从句)
Inourschool,therewere8foreignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.(非限定性定语从句)
限定性定语从句:
定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思会改变;
非限定性定语从句:
定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思不会改变,定语从句只起到补充说明的意义;
Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.
(2)非限定性定语从句:
①先行词是前面的整句话;
Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.
WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.
Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.
②非限定性定语从句:
which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面,as则只能放在句子前面;
Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.
Smokingisharmfultoourheath,asweknow.
Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.
Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss(
)cameasasurprise.
A.It
B.that
C.as
D.which
(3)that和which的区别:
①什么时候不能用that,只能用which:
非限定性定语从句中,即逗号之后;
Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.
②什么时候不能用that,只能用which:
介词后面不能用that,只能用which;
Wedependontheland,fromwhichwecangetourfood.
inthat:
因为;
(4)什么时候不能用which,只能用that:
①前面的先行词是不定代词,包括all,anything,nothing,theone,much,little等;
HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?
②如果先行词中出现了theonly,thevery等;
Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkout.
③如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级;