常耀信美国文学史教案reviewdoc.docx

常耀信美国文学史教案reviewdoc.docx

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常耀信美国文学史教案reviewdoc

常耀信美国文学史教案

Chapter1ColonialAmerica

（USisaquitespecialcountryintheworld.Althoughitonlyhasaveryshorthistory,itisthemostpowerfulcountrytoday.）

1.HistoricalBackground

⑴In1942,ChristopherColumbusfoundthenewcontinentcalledAmerica.

⑵Immigrants:

Spanish（theybuiltthefirsttownonthenewcontinent）;Dutch（theybuiltNewYorkcityatthebeginningstage）;French（todaystilllotsofpeople’smothertongueisFrenchinNorthAmerica）

⑶Englishimmigrants,Jamestown,Virginia,1607

1620“MayFlower”,Plymouth

（Imagine:

transportationnotconvenient,whysomemanyimmigrantslefttheirhometownandcametosucharemoteplaceasAmerica?

Economicreasons;Religiousreasons）

（ReformationandreligiousconflictsinEurope;persecutionofProtestants）

2.AmericanPuritanism（清教主义）

⑴Puritans=Calvinists

a:

JohnCalvin,atheologian,Puritansbelievedmostdoctrinespreachedbyhim,sotheywerealsocalledCalvinists

b:

Puritanswantedto“purifythechurch”toitsoriginalstate,becausetheythoughtthechurchwascorruptedandhadtoomanyrituals

c:

TobeaPuritan:

takingreligionasthemostimportantthing;livingforglorifyingGod;believingpredestination（命运天定）,originalsin（原罪，人生下来就是有罪的，因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的）,totaldepravity（人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝）,limitedatonement（有限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救）

d:

LifestyleofPuritans:

pious,austerityoftaste,diligenceandthrift,rigidsenseofmorality,self-reliance（JohnMiltonisatypicalPuritan.）

⑵AmericanPuritan

a:

Ontheonehand,AmericanPuritanswereallidealistastheirEuropeanbrothers.TheycametothenewcontinentwiththedreamthattheywouldbuiltthenewlandtoanEdenonearth.

b:

Ontheotherhand,AmericanPuritansweremorepracticalmaybebecausethesevereconditionstheyfaced.

⑶Influenceonliterature

a:

BasisofAmericanliterature:

thedreamofbuildinganEdenofGardenonearth（EarlyAmericanliteratureweremainlyoptimisticbecausetheybelievedthatGodsentthemtothenewcontinenttofulfillthesacredtasksotheywouldovercomeallthedifficultiestheymetatlast.GraduallyAmericansfoundthattheirdreamswouldnotbesuccessful,solotsofpessimisticliteraryworkswereproduced.）

b:

Symbolism（象征主义）:

lotsofAmericanwriterslikedtoemploysymbolismintheirworks.（typicalwayofPuritanswhothoughtthatallthesimpleobjectsexistingintheworldconnoteddeepmeaning.）Symbolismmeansusingsymbolsinliteraryworks.Thesymbolmeanssomethingrepresentsorstandsforabstractdeepmeaning.

c:

Style:

simple,freshanddirect（justasthestyleoftheAuthorizedVersionofHolyBible）

3.ColonialLiterature

⑴Generalfeatures

a:

Humbleorigins:

diaries,histories,lettersetc.

b:

Incontent:

servingeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth

c:

Inform:

imitatingEnglishliterarytraditions

⑵CaptainJohnSmith:

thefirstAmericanWriter（P16）

⑶AnneBradstreet:

firstAmericanwomanpoet;aPuritanpoet;oncecalled“TenthMuse”;herpoemsmainlyaboutreligiousexperience,familylifeandearlysettlers’lives;hermostfamouspoems?

“Contemplations”（P17）

⑷PhilipFreneau（1752-1832）

a:

Heisthemostimportantpoetinthe18thcentury.

b:

Hewasentitled“FatherofAmericanPoetry”.

c:

HewasborninNewYorkandgraduatedfromPrincetonUniversity.

d:

HewrotelotsofpoemssupportingAmericanRevolutionandhumanliberty.

e:

HewasthemostnotablerepresentativeofdawningAmericannationalisminliterature.

f:

HispoemspresentedRomanticspiritsbuthisformandtasteweremainlyinfluencedbyClassicism.

g:

Mostfamouspoems:

“TheWildHoneySuckle”and“TheIndianBuryingGround”

Lecture2EdwardsandFranklin

（Inmostcoursebooks,thispartiscalledthe18thcenturyliterature.AndJonathanEdwardsisnotincludedandisputtothecolonialperiod.However,PhilipFreneaushouldbeincludedinthischapter.）

（Puttingthesetwocharacterstogether,theauthormaymeanstocomparethesetwo.ThecomparisonismentionedseveraltimesinthetextonP27andP32.）

1.HistoricalBackground

⑴AmericanRevolution

（StrictrulesmadebyEnglishgovernmentpreventedtheeconomicdevelopmentofthecolonies.Itwasunfair.SoAmericanIndependenceWarbroke.）

a:

1775,Lexington,beginningoftheIndependenceWar

b:

June4th,1776,ThomasJefferson,DeclarationofIndependence

c:

1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmy

d:

1778,Englisharmysurrendered

e:

1783,formalrecognitionfromBritaingovernment

⑵Enlightenment（启蒙运动）

（ReviewEnglishLiterature,18thcentury,Addison,SteeleandPope,Classicism）

a:

OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcentury

b:

Resources:

Newton’stheory;deism（自然神教派，课本P28，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）;Frenchphilosophy（Rousseau,Voltaire）

c:

Basicprinciples:

stressingeducation;stressingReason（Order）（TheagehasbeencalledAgeofReason.）;employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjustice

d:

Representatives:

BenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,ThomasJeffersonetc.

e:

Influenceonliterature

Inform:

imitatingEnglishclassical（古典主义）writers

Incontent:

utilitariantendency（forpoliticaloreducationalpurpose）

2.JonathanEdwards（1703?

1758）（lastimportantfigureinPuritantradition）

a:

InfluencedbythenewideasofEnlightenment,suchasempiricism

b:

StillapiousPuritan

c:

HissenseofGod’soverwhelmingpresenceinnatureandinsoulanticipatedtheTranscendentalism.（P32）

d:

FirstmodernAmericanandthecountry’slastmedievalman

3.BenjaminFranklin（1706-1790）

⑴Life?

Jackofalltrades AnexamplewhomadeAmericanDreamcometrue

⑵Literaryworks

a:

PoorRichard’sAlmanac《穷查理的年历》

b:

Modeledonfarmers’annualcalendar;keptpublishingformanyyears;includesmanyclassicalsayings,suchas“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”（P34）

c:

TheAutobiography?

firstofitskindinliterature

Anintroductionofhislifetohisownson

Includingfourpartswrittenindifferenttime

Puritanism’sinfluence,suchasself-examinationandself-improvement（timetable,thirteenvirtues,lifestyle）

Enlightenmentspirits（man’snaturegood,rightsofliberty,virtuesincludes“order”）

Style:

simple,clearinorder,directandconcise（“Nothingshouldbeexpressedintwowordsthatcanaswellbeexpressedinone.”）（Puritanism’sinfluence）

Popular,stillwell-readtoday,hisvaluesandstyleinfluencedlotsofAmericans

Lecture3AmericanRomanticism

1.GeneralIntroduction

（1）Time:

fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar

（2）Reasons（WhyRomanticismemerged?

）

A.Fastdevelopmentofthenewnation（floodofimmigrants;pioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest;      industrialization;economicboom;apromisingnewlandwithprevailedoptimisticmoods）

B.Developmentofjounalism（Someinfluentialperiodicalsappeared,suchasTheAtlanticMonthly.Theyneedmoreliteraryproductions.）

C.Foreigninfluence（ReviewhistoryofEnglishliterature.）（fromthe18thcenturyclassicismtosentimentalismtoPre-RomanticismtoRomanticismwhichcanbedividedintopassivegroupandactivegroup）（mostinfluentialBritishwriterstoAmericanRomanticists-WalterScott）

（3）GeneralfeaturesofRomanticism

A.Stressingemotionratherthanreason

B.Stressingfreedomandindividuality

C.Idealismratherthanmaterialism

D.Writingaboutnature,medievallegendsandwithsupernaturalelements 

（4）FeaturesofAmericanRomanticism

A.Imitative

B.Independent

 a.peculiarAmericanexperience（landscape,pioneeringtotheWest,Indiancivilization,newnation'sdemocracyanddreams）

b.Puritanheritage（moremoralizing,edifyingmorethanmereentertainment）（carefulaboutloveandsex.example:

ScarletLetter）

（5）Twoperiodsandrepresentatives

A.1770sto1830sEarlyperiod

 Representatives:

WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper

B.1830sto1860s Lateperiod

FloweringofAmericanliterature

Representatives:

Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,Whitman,Dickinson,Poeetc.

（6）Significance

CreativeperiodofanativeAmericancultureandliterature

2.WashingtonIrving（1783-1859）

Majorworks

 TheSketchBook（acollectionofessaysandshortstories）

Twofamousshortstoriesinthecollection:

"RipVanWinkle"（ReadtheplotonP48-P49）and"TheLegendofSleepyHollow"（ReadtheplotonP49）

Features

A.Conservative（e.g.RipfeltintosleepbeforeAmericanIndependenceandwokeafterit.）（loveofoldworld'stradition）（"anoldgentlemanspeakingEnglishnotAmerican）

B.Style:

gentle,refined,lucid,beautiful（classicalinformthoughromanticinsubjects）

C.Aimofwriting:

entertainment,notmoralizing

D.Goodatcreatingatmosphere

E.Thinplot

F.Humor

G.Finishedandmusicallanguage

H.vividcharacters

（4）Contributions

A.HewasthefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.

B.TheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliteratureprobablybeganwithIrving's TheSketchBook.

3.JamesFenimoreCooper（1789-1851）

Majorworks

"LeatherstockingTales"（aseriesoffivenovelsaboutthefrontierlife）:

ThePioneers,ThePrairie,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,TheDeerslayer

Centralcharacter:

NattyBumppo（severalnamesforsamecharacter:

Hawk-eye,thePathfinder,theDeerslayer,Leatherstocking）（atypicalfrontierman:

honest,simple,innocent,generous）（representsbrotherhoodofman,natureandfreedom）

Theme:

moderncivilizationadvancingonthewildernessandthecontradictionbetweenthem

（3）Features

A.Goodatinventingplots（Cooperhadneverbeentothefrontierareapersonally.）

B.Style:

powerful,yetclumsyanddreadful

C.WoodenCharacters

D.Useofdialect,butnotauthentic（criticizedbyMarkTwain）

（4）Contributions

Finding"theWest"and"thefrontierlife"asmater