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a:
JohnCalvin,atheologian,Puritansbelievedmostdoctrinespreachedbyhim,sotheywerealsocalledCalvinists
b:
Puritanswantedto“purifythechurch”toitsoriginalstate,becausetheythoughtthechurchwascorruptedandhadtoomanyrituals
c:
TobeaPuritan:
takingreligionasthemostimportantthing;
livingforglorifyingGod;
believingpredestination(命运天定),originalsin(原罪,人生下来就是有罪的,因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的),totaldepravity(人类是完全堕落的,所以人要处处小心自己的行为,要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝),limitedatonement(有限救赎,只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救)
d:
LifestyleofPuritans:
pious,austerityoftaste,diligenceandthrift,rigidsenseofmorality,self-reliance(JohnMiltonisatypicalPuritan.)
⑵AmericanPuritan
Ontheonehand,AmericanPuritanswereallidealistastheirEuropeanbrothers.TheycametothenewcontinentwiththedreamthattheywouldbuiltthenewlandtoanEdenonearth.
Ontheotherhand,AmericanPuritansweremorepracticalmaybebecausethesevereconditionstheyfaced.
⑶Influenceonliterature
BasisofAmericanliterature:
thedreamofbuildinganEdenofGardenonearth(EarlyAmericanliteratureweremainlyoptimisticbecausetheybelievedthatGodsentthemtothenewcontinenttofulfillthesacredtasksotheywouldovercomeallthedifficultiestheymetatlast.GraduallyAmericansfoundthattheirdreamswouldnotbesuccessful,solotsofpessimisticliteraryworkswereproduced.)
Symbolism(象征主义):
lotsofAmericanwriterslikedtoemploysymbolismintheirworks.(typicalwayofPuritanswhothoughtthatallthesimpleobjectsexistingintheworldconnoteddeepmeaning.)Symbolismmeansusingsymbolsinliteraryworks.Thesymbolmeanssomethingrepresentsorstandsforabstractdeepmeaning.
Style:
simple,freshanddirect(justasthestyleoftheAuthorizedVersionofHolyBible)
3.ColonialLiterature
⑴Generalfeatures
Humbleorigins:
diaries,histories,lettersetc.
Incontent:
servingeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth
Inform:
imitatingEnglishliterarytraditions
⑵CaptainJohnSmith:
thefirstAmericanWriter(P16)
⑶AnneBradstreet:
firstAmericanwomanpoet;
aPuritanpoet;
oncecalled“TenthMuse”;
herpoemsmainlyaboutreligiousexperience,familylifeandearlysettlers’lives;
hermostfamouspoems?
“Contemplations”(P17)
⑷PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)
Heisthemostimportantpoetinthe18thcentury.
Hewasentitled“FatherofAmericanPoetry”.
HewasborninNewYorkandgraduatedfromPrincetonUniversity.
HewrotelotsofpoemssupportingAmericanRevolutionandhumanliberty.
e:
HewasthemostnotablerepresentativeofdawningAmericannationalisminliterature.
f:
HispoemspresentedRomanticspiritsbuthisformandtasteweremainlyinfluencedbyClassicism.
g:
Mostfamouspoems:
“TheWildHoneySuckle”and“TheIndianBuryingGround”
Lecture2EdwardsandFranklin
(Inmostcoursebooks,thispartiscalledthe18thcenturyliterature.AndJonathanEdwardsisnotincludedandisputtothecolonialperiod.However,PhilipFreneaushouldbeincludedinthischapter.)
(Puttingthesetwocharacterstogether,theauthormaymeanstocomparethesetwo.ThecomparisonismentionedseveraltimesinthetextonP27andP32.)
⑴AmericanRevolution
(StrictrulesmadebyEnglishgovernmentpreventedtheeconomicdevelopmentofthecolonies.Itwasunfair.SoAmericanIndependenceWarbroke.)
1775,Lexington,beginningoftheIndependenceWar
June4th,1776,ThomasJefferson,DeclarationofIndependence
1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmy
1778,Englisharmysurrendered
1783,formalrecognitionfromBritaingovernment
⑵Enlightenment(启蒙运动)
(ReviewEnglishLiterature,18thcentury,Addison,SteeleandPope,Classicism)
OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcentury
Resources:
Newton’stheory;
deism(自然神教派,课本P28,宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物);
Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)
Basicprinciples:
stressingeducation;
stressingReason(Order)(TheagehasbeencalledAgeofReason.);
employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;
concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjustice
Representatives:
BenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,ThomasJeffersonetc.
Influenceonliterature
imitatingEnglishclassical(古典主义)writers
utilitariantendency(forpoliticaloreducationalpurpose)
2.JonathanEdwards(1703?
1758)(lastimportantfigureinPuritantradition)
InfluencedbythenewideasofEnlightenment,suchasempiricism
StillapiousPuritan
HissenseofGod’soverwhelmingpresenceinnatureandinsoulanticipatedtheTranscendentalism.(P32)
FirstmodernAmericanandthecountry’slastmedievalman
3.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)
⑴Life?
Jackofalltrades
AnexamplewhomadeAmericanDreamcometrue
⑵Literaryworks
PoorRichard’sAlmanac《穷查理的年历》
Modeledonfarmers’annualcalendar;
keptpublishingformanyyears;
includesmanyclassicalsayings,suchas“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”(P34)
TheAutobiography?
firstofitskindinliterature
Anintroductionofhislifetohisownson
Includingfourpartswrittenindifferenttime
Puritanism’sinfluence,suchasself-examinationandself-improvement(timetable,thirteenvirtues,lifestyle)
Enlightenmentspirits(man’snaturegood,rightsofliberty,virtuesincludes“order”)
simple,clearinorder,directandconcise(“Nothingshouldbeexpressedintwowordsthatcanaswellbeexpressedinone.”)(Puritanism’sinfluence)
Popular,stillwell-readtoday,hisvaluesandstyleinfluencedlotsofAmericans
Lecture3AmericanRomanticism
1.GeneralIntroduction
(1)Time:
fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar
(2)Reasons(WhyRomanticismemerged?
)
A.Fastdevelopmentofthenewnation(floodofimmigrants;
pioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest;
industrialization;
economicboom;
apromisingnewlandwithprevailedoptimisticmoods)
B.Developmentofjounalism(Someinfluentialperiodicalsappeared,suchasTheAtlanticMonthly.Theyneedmoreliteraryproductions.)
C.Foreigninfluence(ReviewhistoryofEnglishliterature.)(fromthe18thcenturyclassicismtosentimentalismtoPre-RomanticismtoRomanticismwhichcanbedividedintopassivegroupandactivegroup)(mostinfluentialBritishwriterstoAmericanRomanticists-WalterScott)
(3)GeneralfeaturesofRomanticism
A.Stressingemotionratherthanreason
B.Stressingfreedomandindividuality
C.Idealismratherthanmaterialism
D.Writingaboutnature,medievallegendsandwithsupernaturalelements
(4)FeaturesofAmericanRomanticism
A.Imitative
B.Independent
a.peculiarAmericanexperience(landscape,pioneeringtotheWest,Indiancivilization,newnation'
sdemocracyanddreams)
b.Puritanheritage(moremoralizing,edifyingmorethanmereentertainment)(carefulaboutloveandsex.example:
ScarletLetter)
(5)Twoperiodsandrepresentatives
A.1770sto1830sEarlyperiod
WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper
B.1830sto1860s
Lateperiod
FloweringofAmericanliterature
Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,Whitman,Dickinson,Poeetc.
(6)Significance
CreativeperiodofanativeAmericancultureandliterature
2.WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)
Majorworks
TheSketchBook(acollectionofessaysandshortstories)
Twofamousshortstoriesinthecollection:
"
RipVanWinkle"
(ReadtheplotonP48-P49)and"
TheLegendofSleepyHollow"
(ReadtheplotonP49)
Features
A.Conservative(e.g.RipfeltintosleepbeforeAmericanIndependenceandwokeafterit.)(loveofoldworld'
stradition)("
anoldgentlemanspeakingEnglishnotAmerican)
B.Style:
gentle,refined,lucid,beautiful(classicalinformthoughromanticinsubjects)
C.Aimofwriting:
entertainment,notmoralizing
D.Goodatcreatingatmosphere
E.Thinplot
F.Humor
G.Finishedandmusicallanguage
H.vividcharacters
(4)Contributions
A.HewasthefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.
B.TheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliteratureprobablybeganwithIrving'
s
TheSketchBook.
3.JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)
"
LeatherstockingTales"
(aseriesoffivenovelsaboutthefrontierlife):
ThePioneers,ThePrairie,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,TheDeerslayer
Centralcharacter:
NattyBumppo(severalnamesforsamecharacter:
Hawk-eye,thePathfinder,theDeerslayer,Leatherstocking)(atypicalfrontierman:
honest,simple,innocent,generous)(representsbrotherhoodofman,natureandfreedom)
Theme:
moderncivilizationadvancingonthewildernessandthecontradictionbetweenthem
(3)Features
A.Goodatinventingplots(Cooperhadneverbeentothefrontierareapersonally.)
powerful,yetclumsyanddreadful
C.WoodenCharacters
D.Useofdialect,butnotauthentic(criticizedbyMarkTwain)
Finding"
theWest"
and"
thefrontierlife"
asmater