1997年托福考试阅读全真试题.docx

1997年托福考试阅读全真试题.docx

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1997年托福考试阅读全真试题

1997年10月托福考试阅读全真试题

Question1-7

　　HotelswereamongtheearliestfacilitiesthatboundtheUnitedStatestogether.Theywerebothcreaturesandcreatorsofcommunities，aswellassymptomsofthefreneticquestforcommunity.Eveninthefirstpartofthenineteenthcentury，Americanswerealreadyformingthehabitofgatheringfromallcornersofthenationforbothpublicandprivate，businessandpleasurepurposes.Conventionswerethenewoccasions，andhotelsweredistinctivelyAmericanfacilitiesmakingconven-tionspossible.ThefirstnationalconventionofamajorpartytochooseacandidateforPresident（thatoftheNationalRepublicanparty，whichmetonDecember12，1831，andnominatedHenryClayforPresident）washeldinBaltimore，atahotelthatwasthenreputedtobethebestinthecountry.ThepresenceinBaltimoreofBarnumsCityHotel，asix-storybuildingwithtwohundredapartmentshelpsexplainwhymanyotherearlynationalpoliticalconventionswereheldthere.

　　Inthelongerrun，too.Americanhotelsmadeothernationalconventionsnotonlypossiblebutpleasantandconvivial.Thegrowingcustomofregularlyassemblingfromafartherepresentativesofallkindsofgroups-notonlyforpoliticalconventions，butalsoforcommercial，professional，learned，andavocationalones-inturnsupportedthemultiplyinghotels.Bymid-twentiethcentury，conventionsaccountedforoverathirdoftheyearlyroomoccupancyofallhotelsinthenation，abouteighteenthousanddifferentconventionswereheldannuallywithatotalattendanceofabouttenmillionpersons.

　　Nineteenth-centuryAmericanhotelkeepers，whowerenolongerthegenial，deferential"hosts"oftheeighteenth-centuryEuropeaninn，becameleadingcitizens.Holdingalargestakeinthecommunity，theyexercisedpowertomakeitprosper.Asownersormanagersofthelocal"palaceofthepublic"，theyweremakersandshapersofaprincipalcommunityattraction.Travelersfromabroadweremildlyshockedbythishighsocialposition.

　　1.Theword"bound"inline1isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）led

　　（B）protected

　　（C）tied

　　（D）strengthened

　　2.TheNationalRepublicanpartyismentionedinline10asanexampleofagroup

　　（A）fromBaltimore

　　（B）oflearnedpeople

　　（C）owningahotel

　　（D）holdingaconvention

　　3.Theword"assembling"inline19isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）announcing

　　（B）motivating

　　（C）gathering

　　（D）contracting

　　4.Theword"ones"inline22refersto

　　（A）hotels

　　（B）conventions

　　（C）kinds

　　（D）representatives

　　5.Theword"it"inline30refersto

　　（A）Europeaninn

　　（B）host

　　（C）community

　　（D）public

　　6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatearlyhotelkeepersintheUnitedStateswere

　　（A）activepoliticians

　　（B）Europeanimmigrants

　　（C）Professionalbuilders

　　（D）Influentialcitizens

　　7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutearlyAmericanhotelsisNOTmentionedinthe

　　passage？

　　（A）Travelersfromabroaddidnotenjoystayinginthem.

　　（B）Conventionswereheldinthem

　　（C）Peopleusedthemforbothbusinessandpleasure.

　　（D）Theywereimportanttothecommunity

Question8-17

　　Beadswereprobablythefirstdurableornamentshumanspossessed，andtheintimaterelationshiptheyhadwiththeirownersisreflectedinthefactthatbeadsareamongthemostcommonitemsfoundinancientarchaeologicalsites.Inthepast，astoday，men，women，andchildrenadornedthem-selveswithbeads.Insomeculturesstill，certainbeadsareoftenwornfrombirthuntildeath，andthenareburiedwiththeirownersfortheafterlife.Abrasionduetodailywearaltersthesurfacefeaturesofbeads，andiftheyareburiedforlong，theeffectsofcorrosioncanfurtherchangetheirappearance.Thus，interestisimpartedtothebeadbothbyuseandtheeffectsoftime.

　　Besidestheirwearability，eitherasjewelryorincorporatedintoarticlesofattire，beadspossessthedesirablecharacteristicsofeverycollectible，theyaredurable，portable，availableininfinitevariety，andoftenvaluableintheiroriginalculturalcontextaswellasintodaysmarket.Pleasingtolookatandtouch，beadscomeinshapes，colors，andmaterialsthatalmostcompelonetohandlethemandtosortthem.

　　Beadsareminiaturebundlesofsecretswaitingtoberevealed：

theirhistory，manufacture，culturalcontext，economicrole，andornamentaluseareallpointsofinformationonehopestounravel.Eventhemostmundanebeadsmayhavetraveledgreatdistancesandbeenexposedtomanyhumanexperiences.Thebeadresearchermustgatherinformationfrommanydiversefields.Inadditiontohavingtobeageneralistwhilespecializinginwhatmayseemtobeanarrowfield，theresearcherisfacedwiththeproblemofprimarymaterialsthathavelittleornodocumentation.Manyancientbeadsthatareofethnographicinteresthaveoftenbeenseparatedfromtheiroriginalculturalcontext.

　　Thespecialattractionsofbeadscontributetotheuniquenessofbeadresearch.Whileoftenregardedasthe"smallchangeofcivilizations"，beadsareapartofeveryculture，andtheycanoftenbeusedtodatearchaeologicalsitesandtodesignatethedegreeofmercantile，technological，andculturalsophistication.

　　8.Whatisthemainsubjectofthepassage？

　　（A）Materialsusedinmakingbeads.

　　（B）Howbeadsaremade

　　（C）Thereasonsforstudyingbeads

　　（D）Differenttypesofbeads

　　9.Theword"adorned"inline5isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）protected

　　（B）decorated

　　（C）purchased

　　（D）enjoyed

　　10.Theword"attire"inline14isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）ritual

　　（B）importance

　　（C）clothing

　　（D）history

　　11.AllofthefollowingaregivenascharacteristicsofcollectibleobjectsEXCEPT

　　（A）durability

　　（B）portability

　　（C）value

　　（D）scarcity.

　　12.Accordingtothepassage，allofthefollowingarefactorsthatmakepeoplewanttotouchbeadsEXCEPTthe

　　（A）shape

　　（B）color

　　（C）material

　　（D）odor

　　13.Theword"unravel"inline23isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）communicate

　　（B）transport

　　（C）improve

　　（D）discover

　　14.Theword"mundane"inline16isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）carved

　　（B）beautiful

　　（C）ordinary

　　（D）heavy

　　15.Itisdifficulttotracethehistoryofcertainancientbeadsbecausethey

　　（A）aresmallinsize

　　（B）havebeenburiedunderground

　　（C）havebeenmovedfromtheiroriginallocations

　　（D）arefrequentlylost

　　16.Knowledgeofthehistoryofsomebeadsmaybeusefulinthestudiesdonebywhichofthefollowing？

　　（A）Anthropologists

　　（B）Agriculturalexperts

　　（C）Medicalresearchers

　　（D）Economists

　　17.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthordescribewhytheappearanceofbeadsmaychange？

　　（A）Lines3-4

　　（B）Lines6-8

　　（C）Lines12-13

　　（D）Lines20-22.

Question18-31

　　Intheworldofbirds，billdesignisaprimeexampleofevolutionaryfine-tuning.Shorebirdssuchasoystercatchersusetheirbillstopryopenthetightlysealedshellsoftheirprey，hummingbirdshavestiletto-likebillstoprobethedeepestnectar-bearingflowers，andkiwissmelloutearthwormsthankstonostrilslocatedatthetipoftheirbeaks.Butfewbirdsaremoreintimatelytiedtotheirsourceofsustenancethanarecrossbills.Twospeciesofthesefinches，namedforthewaytheupperandlowerpartsoftheirbillscross，ratherthanmeetinthemiddle，resideintheevergreenforestsofNorthAmericaandfeedontheseedsheldwithintheconesofconiferoustrees.

　　Theefficiencyofthebillisevidentwhenacrossbilllocatesacone.Usingalateralmotionofitslowermandible，thebirdseparatestwooverlappingscalesontheconeandexposestheseed.Thecrossedmandiblesenablethebirdtoexertapowerfulbitingforceatthebilltips，whichiscriticalformaneuveringthembetweenthescalesandspreadingthescalesapart.Next，thecrossbillsnakesitslongtongueintothegapanddrawsouttheseed.Usingthecombinedactionofthebillandtongue，thebirdcracksopenanddiscardsthewoodyseedcoveringactionandswallowsthenutritiousinnerkernel.Thiswholeprocesstakesbutafewsecondsandisrepeatedhundredsoftimesaday.

　　Thebillsofdifferentcrossbillspeciesandsubspeciesvary-somearestoutanddeep，othersmoreslanderandshallow.Asarule，large-billedcrossbillsarebetteratsecuringseedsfromlargecones，whilesmall-billedcrossbillsaremoredeftatremovingtheseedsfromsmall，thin-scaledcones.Moreover，thedegreetowhichconesarenaturallyslightlyopenortightlyclosedhelpsdeterminewhichbilldesignisthebest.

　　OneanomalyisthesubspeciesofredcrossbillknownastheNewfoundlandcrossbill.Thisbirdhasalarge，robustbill，yetmostofNewfoundlandsconifershavesmallcones，thesamekindofconesthattheslender-billedwhite-wingsrelyon.

　　18.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss？

　　（A）Theimportanceofconifersinevergreenforests

　　（B）Theefficiencyofthebillofthecrossbill

　　（C）Thevarietyoffoodavailableinaforest

　　（D）Thedifferenttechniquesbirdsusetoobtainfood

　　19.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsthetypeof"evolutionaryfine-turning"mentionedinline1？

　　（A）Differentshapesofbillshaveevolveddependingontheavailablefoodsupply

　　（B）White-wingcrossbillshaveevolvedfromredcrossbills

　　（C）Newfoundlandsconifershaveevolvedsmallcones

　　（D）Severalsubspeciesofcrossbillshaveevolvedfromtwospecies

　　20.Whydoestheauthormentionoystercatchers，hummingbirds，andkiwisinlines2-5？

　　（A）Theyareexamplesofbirdsthatliveintheforest

　　（B）Theirbeaksaresimilartothebeakofthecrossbill

　　（C）Theyillustratetherelationshipbetweenbilldesignandfoodsupply

　　（D）Theyarecloselyrelatedtoth