职称英语A级复习重点实务知识资料.docx

职称英语A级复习重点实务知识资料.docx

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职称英语A级复习重点实务知识资料

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1、WhySoManyChildren?

（综合A）

为什么有这么多的孩子

InmanyofthedevelopingcountriesinAfricaandAsia,thepopulationisgrowingfast.Thereasonforthisissimple:

Womeninthesecountrieshaveahighbirthrate—from3.0to7.0childrenperwoman.Themajorityofthesewomenarepoor,withoutthefoodorresourcestocarefortheirfamilies?

Theanswermaybethattheyoftenhavenochoice.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.

?

?

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Onereasoniseconomic.Inatraditionalagriculturaleconomy,largefamiliesarehelpful.

Havingmorechildrenmeanshavingmoreworkersinthefieldsandsomeonetotakecareoftheparentsinoldage1.Inanindustrialeconomy,thesituationisdifferent.Manychildren,donothelpafamily;instead,theyareanexpense.Thus,industrializationhasgenerallybroughtdownthebirthrate.ThiswasthecaseinItaly,whichwasindustrializedquiterecentlyandrapidly.Intheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury,Italywasapoor,largelyagriculturalcountrywithahighbirthrate.AfterWorldWarⅡ,Italy'seconomywasrapidlymodernizedandindustrialized.Bytheendofthecentury,thebirthratehaddroppedto1.3childrenperwoman,theworld'slowest.

However,theeconomyisnottheonlyimportantfactorthatinfluencesbirthrate.SaudiArabia,forexample,doesnothaveanagriculture-basedeconomy,andithasoneofthehighestpercapitaincomesintheworld.Nevertheless,italsohasaveryhighbirthrate（7.0）.MexicoandIndonesia,ontheotherhand,arepoorcountries,withlargelyagriculturaleconomies,buttheyhaverecentlyreducedtheirpopulationgrowth.

Clearly,otherfactorsareinvolved.Themostimportantoftheseistheconditionofwomen.Ahighbirthratealmostalwaysgoestogetherwithlackofeducationandlowstatusforwomen.2ThiswouldexplainthehighbirthrateofSaudiArabia.There,thetraditionalculturegiveswomenlittleeducationorindependenceandfewpossibilitiesoutsidethehome.Ontheotherhand,theimprovedconditionofwomeninMexico,Thailand,andIndonesiaexplainsthedeclineinbirthratesinthesecountries.Theirgovernmentshavetakenmeasurestoprovidemoreeducationandopportunitiesforwomen.

Anotherkeyfactorinthebirthrateisbirthcontrol.Womenmaywanttolimittheirfamiliesbuthavenowaytodoso.Incountrieswheregovernmentshavemadebirthcontroleasilyavailableandinexpensive,birthrateshavegonedown.ThisisthecaseinSingapore,SriLanka,andIndia,aswellasinIndonesia,Thailand,Mexico,andBrazil.Inthesecountries,womenhavealsobeenprovidedwithhealthcareandhelpinplanningtheirfamilies.

Thesetrendsshowthataneffectiveprogramtoreducepopulationgrowthdoesnothavetodependonbettereconomicconditions.3Itcanbeeffectiveifitaimstohelpwomenandmeettheirneeds.Onlythen,infact,doesithaveanyrealchanceofsuccess.

练习：

1.Inatraditionalagriculturaleconomy,alargefamily_______.

A.canbeanadvantage

2.Whencountriesbecomeindustrialized,_______.

B.thebirthrategenerallygoesdown

3.Accordingtothispassage,Italytodayisanexampleofan_______.

C.industrializedcountrywithalowbirthrate

4.SaudiArabiaismentionedinthepassagebecauseitshowsthat_______.

B.factorsotherthantheeconomyinfluencebirthrate

5.InMexico,Thailand,andIndonesia,thegovernment_______.

D.hastriedtoimprovetheconditionofwomen

2、Narrow接近的Escape逃脱（综合A）

Wehadleftthehuttoolatethatmorning.Whenwesteppedoutside,theskybeyondthemountainstooureastwasalreadylividwithcolour.1Itmeantthedaywouldbeahotone,andthewarmthwouldloosenrocksthatweregrippedbyice.

Assoonaswesteppedoutontotheface,itbecameobviousthiswasgoingtobeanawkwardroute.Themainproblemwastalus,thedebristhatcollectsonmountainsides.Talusisdespisedbymountaineersfortworeasons.First,becauseitcaneasilybepushedoffontoyoubypeopleclimbingabove.Andsecond,becauseitmakeseverystepyoutakeinsecure.

Forabout30minuteswemovedsteadilyuptheface.Therockwasinpoorcondition,shatteredhorizontallyandmazedwithcracks.WhenItriedtohaulmyselfuponablockofit,itwouldpullouttowardsme,likeadraweropening.Myhandsbecameprogressivelywetterandcolder2.Thencameashout."Cailloux!

Cailloux!

"Iheardyelledfromabove,inafemalevoice.Thewordsechoeddowntowardsus.Ilookeduptoseewheretheyhadcomefrom.

Therewerejusttworocksatfirst,leapingandboundingdownthefacetowardsus,oncecannoningoffeachotherinmid-air.Andthentheairabovesuddenlyseemedalivewithfallingrocks,hummingthroughtheairandfillingitwithnoise.Crack,wenteachoneasitleaptofftherockface,thenhum-hum-humasitmovedthroughtheair,thencrackagain.Thepausebetweenthecrackslengthenedeachtime,astherocksgainedmomentumandjumpedfurtherandfurther.Icontinuedtogazeupattherocksastheyfellandskippedtowardsme.Aboywhohadbeenafewyearsabovemeatschoolhadtaughtmenevertolookupduringarockfall."Why?

Becausearockinyourfaceisfarlesspleasantthanarockonyourhelmet,"hetoldus."Facein,alwaysfacein."

IheardToby,mypartneronthemountainthatday,shoutingatme.Ilookedacross.Hewassafebeneathanoverhangingcanopyofrock.Icouldnotunderstandhim.ThenIfeltathump,andwastuggedbackwardsandround,asthoughsomebodyhadclampedaheavyhandonmyshoulderandturnedmetofacethem.Arockhadhitthelidofmyrucksack.

?

Ilookedupagain.Arockwasheadingdownstraighttowardsme.Instinctively,Ileantbackwardsandarchedmybackoutfromtherocktotrytoprotectmychest.Whataboutmyfingers,though,Ithought:

they'llbecrushedflatifithitsthem,andI'llnevergetdown.ThenIheardacrackdirectlyinfrontofme,andatugatmytrousers,andayellfromToby."Areyouallright?

Thatwentstraightthroughyou."Therockhadpitchedinfrontofme,andpassedthroughthehoopofmybody,betweenmylegs,missingmebutsnatchingatmyclothingasitwent.

TobyandIhadspenttheevening?

talkingthroughtheeventsofthemorning:

whatifthebigfinalstonehadn'tleaptsideways,whatifI'dbeenknockedoff,wouldyouhaveheldme,wouldIhavepulledyouoff?

Amoreexperiencedmountaineerwouldprobablyhavethoughtnothingofit.IknewIwouldnotforgetit.

练习：

1.Whywasit“toolate”bythetimetheyleftthehutinthemorning?

C）Rocksloosenedbymeltingicecouldbedangerous.

2.Thefirstreasongiventoexplainwhymountaineershatetalusis_______.

A）thatclimbersaboveyoumightcauseittofallonyou

3.Whatislikelytobethemeaningof"Cailloux"?

B）Rocksarefalling.

4.Whatissarcasticinthewordsoftheboyinparagraphfour?

D）Beinghitbyarockisn't"pleasant"atall.

5.InwhatsensewasToby"safe"?

A）Theoverhangingrockwouldprotecthimfromfallingrocks.

3、ToHaveandHaveNot（综合A）

　　Ithadbeenboringhangingaboutthehotelallafternoon.Theroadcrewwereplayingagamewithdollarnotes.Foldingthemintosmallplanestoseewhosewouldflythefurthest.1Havingnothingbettertodo，Ijoinedinandwonfive，andthentooktheopportunitytoescapewithmyprofit.Despitetheevil-lookingclouds，Ihadtogetoutforawhile.

Iheadedforashopontheothersideofthestreet.Unliketheothers，itdidn'thaveasignshoutingitsnameandbusiness，andinsteadoftheusualimpersonalmodernlighting，therewasanappealingglowinside.Strangelynothingwasdisplayedinthewindow.Notputoffbythis，Iwentinside.

Ittookmybreathaway.Ididn'tknowwheretolook,wheretostart.Ononewalltherehungthreehand-stitchedAmericanquiltsthatwereinsuchwonderfulconditiontheymighthavebeennewly-made.Icameacrosstintoysandantiquefurniture,andonthewallinfrontofme,a1957Stratocasterguitar,alsoinexcellentcondition.Acardpushedbetweenthestringssaid$50.Iranmyhandalongalongshelfofrecords,readingtheirtitles.Andtherewasmore...

“CanIhelpyou？

”Shestartledme.Ihadn'tevenseenthewomanbehindthecountercomein.Thewayshelookedatme,sodirectlyandwithsuchpower.ItwasalookofsuchintensitythatforamomentIfeltasifIwerewrappedinsomekindofmagneticorelectricalfield.Ifoundithardtotakeandalmostturnedaway.Butthoughitwasuncomfortable.Iwasfascinatedbytheexperienceofherlookingstraightintome,andbythefeelingthatIwasneitherastranger,norstrange,toher.

Besidesamusementherexpressionshowedsympathy.Itwasimpossibletotellherage；sheremindedmefaintlyofmygrandmotherbecause,althoughhereyeswerefriendly,Icouldseethatshewasnotawomantofalloutwith.Ispokeatlast.'Iwasjustlookingreally,'Isaid,thoughsecretlywonderinghowmuchofthestuffIcouldcramintothebus.

Thewomanturnedawayandwentatoncetowardsabackroom,indicatingthatIshouldfollowher.Butitinnowayliveduptothefirstroom.Thelightmademefeelpeculiar,too.Itcamefromanoillampthatwashungfromthecentreoftheceilingandcreatedhugeshadowsovereverything.Therewerenorareelectricguitars,nooldnecklaces,nohand-paintedboxeswithdelicateflowers.Itwasalsoobviousthatitmusthavetakenyears,decades,tocollectsomuchrubbish,somanyolddocumentsaridpapers.

Inoticedsomeoldbooks,whosegoldletteringhadfaded,makingtheirtitlesimpossibletoread.'Theylookinteresting,'Isaid,withsomehesitation.'Tobeabletounderstandthatkindofwritingyoumustfirsthavehadasimilarexperience,'shesaidclearly.Shenotedtheconfusedlookon