工程地质英语Word下载.docx

工程地质英语Word下载.docx

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Introduction……………………………………………………………………….…………1

ChapterOneRock…………………………………………………………………………..3

1.1GeologicalAction…………………………………………………………………3

1.2InnerStructureofEarth……………………………………………………….…..3

1.3TheMainMineralsintheRock…………………………………………………..4

1.4TheRock………………………………………………………………………….6

ChapterTwoGeologicalStructure………………………………………………………...14

2.1GeologicalTimeandChronologicalScale…………………………………….….14

2.2BasicShapeandClassificationofGeologicalStructure……………………….…19

2.3TheImportanceoftheStudyofGeologicalStructure……………………………28

ChapterThreeUndergroundWater……………………………………………………..…31

3.1ThePhysicalPropertiesandChemicalCompositionofGroundwater………..…..31

3.2TheClassificationofGroundwater……………………………………………….32

3.3MovingLawofGroundwater………………………………………………...…..36

3.4TheInfluenceofGroundwateronEngineering……….…………………….……36

ChapterFourTheMainEngineeringGeologyProblemsinCivilEngineering................39

4.1TheErosionofRiver…………………………………………………………...…39

4.2Landslide………………………………………………………………………….39

4.3Collapse………………………………………………………………………...…45

4.4KarstandEarthCave……………………………………………………….…..45

4.5TheEngineeringProblemsinUndergroundEngineering…………………..…….47

ChapterFiveTheEngineeringGeologyinvestigation……………………………...…….50

5.1Introduction………………………………………………………………….……50

5.2EngineeringGeologicalsurvey………………………………………………….52

5.3EngineeringGeologicSearch…………………………………………………….55

5.4TheIn-situSoilTest………………………………………………………………57

5.5TheReportofEngineeringGeologyinvestigation…………………………..…..58

Introduction

EngineeringGeology（工程地质）triestousegeologyforidentifyingpotentialproblemsarisingfromgroundconditions;

Itdescribeshowtoinvestigatethoseconditionsandtodefineanengineeringresponsethatwilleitheravoidorreduceoreveneliminatetheproblemsrevealed.Thecourseisdesignedforstudentsofgeology,engineeringgeologyandcivilengineeringandillustrateshowgeologyisrelatedtocalculationsofstability,deformationandgroundwaterflow.

Definition

EngineeringGeologyconcernsabouttheinfluenceofgeologyonconstructionanddealswithapplicationofthegeosciences（地球科学）toassurethesafety,efficiency,andeconomyofengineeringactivities.Itisdevotedtotheinvestigation,researchandsolutionoftheengineeringandenvironmentalproblemsthatmayariseastheresultoftheinteractionbetweengeologyandengineeringactivitiesaswellastothepredictionandthedevelopmentofmeasuresforpreventionorremediationofgeologicalhazards.EngineeringGeologyalsoconcernswiththegeologicalproblemsencounteredincivilengineering.Itsmaintaskistoinvestigateandevaluatethegeologicalengineeringproblems,providethebasicinformationfortheplan,designandconstructionofthecivilengineering.

CourseObjectives

TheprimarypurposeofthiscourseistogivestudentsinCivilandGeologicalEngineeringanunderstandingofearthmaterialsandtheirproperties,andthenaturalprocessesthatactonthosematerialsandaffectmanmadestructures.ThisknowledgewillbeappliedtovariousexamplesfromCivilEngineeringtoGeologicalEngineering.Asecondarycoursegoalisbasedupontheassumptionthatmostofyouinthisclasswilldealprofessionallywithgeologistsinyourcareers.Thusanunderstandingofthetermsandmethodsusedbygeologistswillbetterenableyoutobettercommunicatewithgeoscientistsandtoproperlyinterpretproblemsencounteredinyourfields.

Demands（requirements）

1.TomasterthebasicconceptsaboutEngineeringGeology.

2.Tocomprehendthemaingeologicalproblemsoccurredinengineering.

3.Toknowhowtheproblemshappened,howwecanpreventit.

4.Classroomdiscipline.

5.Exams:

Exams,otherthan“make-ups”willconsistofavarietyofobjectivetypequestions–translation,choice,true/false,fill-insorblanks,andwillincludeafewshortquestions.

WordsandPhrase:

EngineeringGeology工程地质

geosciences地球科学

remediationn.补救,纠正

geologicalhazard地质灾害

naturalprocess自然界发展进程

ChapterOneRock

1.1GeologicalAction

1.1.1Whatisgeologicalaction？

[DefinitionofGeologicalAction]

Itmeanstheactionsthatmakealterationforthecomposition,structure,shapeoftherockcyclebecauseofthenaturaldynamics.

1.1.2TheclassificationoftheGeologicalAction

（1）Outer-dynamicsgeologicalaction

Dynamicsourceisfromthesun,gravity,attractionforcebetweenthesunandthemoon.

A:

Weathering→therockisdestroyedattheplacewhereitwasformedbecauseoftheouterdynamics.

B:

Erosion→rockbodyisseparatedfromitsmotherrockbecauseofthewater,wind,glacier（冰河）.

C:

Carrying→theprocessthatrockiscarriedfromoneplacetoantherplace.

D:

Sedimentation→theprocessinwhichthecarryingmaterialssinktothebottomofgroundwhenthepowerofgravityofthematerialsisbiggerthanthecarryingforce.

E:

Rock-formationaction→theprocessthatthematerialssinktogroundsurfacetobecomehardorsolidrockbody.

（2）Inner-dynamicsgeologicalaction（Thedynamicssourceisfromtheearth）

Crustmovement

Magmatism（Magmaticactivities）（岩浆作用）

Magmaticintrusionandvolcaniceruption.

Earthquake

Metamorphism（变质作用）

Becauseofthehighpressureand/ortemperature,therockischangedtoanewkindofrock.Thisrockiscalledmetamorphicrock.

Everygeologicalphenomenaistheresultofgeologicalaction.Itincludes:

mineral,rock,landshape（mountain,river,plain）,tectonics.

1.2InnerStructureofEarth

Theearthincludestwoparts:

outsidelayerandsolidearth.Theoutsidelayeriscomposedoftheatmosphere,waterenclosingandthebiosphere.Similarly,solidearthismadeupoftheearth'

scrust,earthmantleandearth'

score.Thedensityoftheearth'

scrustis2.7~2.9g/cm3,madeupofvariousrocksseenintheearth'

ssurface.Theearthmantleisin2900kmdepthundertheearth’scrust.Thedensityoftheearthmantleis3.32~4.64g/cm3,madeupofsilicatematerialrichinFe,Mg.Thepartundertheearthmantleiscalledtheearth'

scoreis11~16g/cm3,madeupofmaterialincludingFe,Ni.Theearth'

scoreismadeupofthesolidnuclearinsideandtheliquidstateoutside.

Fig1.1Circularlayersoftheearth

Theknowledgeabouttheinsidelayersofearthmainlycomesfromthestudyonelasticwaveofearthquake.Accordingtoresearch,thereisaseismicwavewithlowertempoattheearthmantletop;

5%materialsareinmeltstatethere.Itwascalledflowlayer.Thelayerinsolidstateabovetheflowlayeriscalledthelithosphere.Thelithosphere,havingstrongerrigidity,splitintoalotofpieces,iscalledtheplate.Theplatesmoveontheflowlayer.Thisisaplatemovement.Thatistheoriginofthetectonicmovement（构造运动）too.

1.3TheMainMineralsintheRock

Sincemineralsarethebuildingblocksofrocks,itisimportantthatyoulearntoidentifythemostcommonvarieties.Mineralscanbedistinguishedbyusingvariousphysicaland/orchemicalcharacteristics,but,sincechemistrycannotbedeterminedreadilyinthefield,thephysicalpropertiesofmineralsareusedtoidentifythem.

Physicalpropertiesofmineralsincludefeaturessuchascrystalform（结晶体）,hardness（relativetoasteelbladeoryourfingernail）,color,luster,andstreak（thecolorwhenamineralisgroundtopowder）.

1.Quartz（SiO2）石英

Quartzisaglassy-looking,transparentortranslucentmineralwhichvariesincolorfromwhiteandgreytosmoky.Whenthereareindividualcrystalstheyaregenerallyclear,whileinlargermassesquartzlooksmoremilkywhite.Quartzishard,itcaneasilyscratchasteelknifeblade.Inmanyrocks,quartzgrainsareirregularinshapebecausecrystalfacesarerareandquartzdoesnothaveacleavage（ie,itdoesnotbreakonregularflatfaces）.

2.Calcite（CaCO3）,carbonaterock方解石，硅酸盐

Shape:

rhomb（菱形）

Hardness:

3

Actingwithacid:

givingoffcarbondioxide.

3.Dolomite（白云石，MgCO3）

Thesameascalcite

Actingwithpowderofdolomitewillgiveoffcarbondioxide

4.Feldspar（silicaterock）长石

Orthoclase：

正长石

Plagioclase：

斜长石

Feldsparisanothercommon,light-coloredrock-formingmineral.Insteadofbeingglassylikequartz,itisgenerallydulltoopaquewithaporcelain-likeappearance.Colorvariesfromred,pink,andwhite.Feldsparisalsohardbutcanbescratchedbyquartz.Feldsparinigneousrocksformswell-developedcrystalswhichareroughlyrectangularinshape,andtheycleaveorbreakalongflatfaces.Thegrains,incontrasttoquartz,oftenhavestraightedgesandflatrectangularfaces,someofwhichmeetatrightangles.

5.Amphibole（闪石）

Themostcommonamphiboleishornblende（角闪石）.Hornblendeisquitesimilartoaugite（斜辉石）inthatbotharedarkminerals,howeverhornblendecrystalsaregenerallylonger,thinnerandshinierthanaugiteandthemineralcross-sectionsarediamond-shaped.

6.Pyroxene辉石

Themostcommonpyroxenemineralisaugite.Augiteisgenerallydarkgreentoblackincolorandformsshort,stubbycrystalswhich,ifyoulookatanend-onsection,havesquareorrectangularcross-sections.

7.Mica云母

Micaiseasilydistinguishedbyitscharacteristicofpeelingintomanythin,flatsmoothsheetsorflakes.Thisissimilartothecleavageinfeldsparexceptthatinthecaseofmicathecleavageplanesareinonlyonedirectionandnorightanglefacejoinsoccur.Micamaybewhiteandpearly（muscovite）ordarkandshiny（biotite）.

8.Talc滑石

Talcoccursingranularorfol