ECOLOGICAL SECURITY EVOLUTION OF BEIJING BASED ON PSR3文档格式.docx

ECOLOGICAL SECURITY EVOLUTION OF BEIJING BASED ON PSR3文档格式.docx

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secologicalsecurityisbeinginaslowdowntrend,weshouldenhanceBeijing’secologicalsecurityawareness.Becausethefast-developingeconomyhascausedthepopulationpressure,thelandpressure,resourcesandenvironmentpressureofthecityenlargeseriously.Facingchangingsituationsoftheresourcesandenvironmentpressure,Beijinghadtakenactionfromsavingresourcesandreclaimingproportionoftheresources,makinggoodconditionoftheresourcesandcircumstance.ThesocialandculturalrespondssecurityindexofBeijinghasobviouslyadvancedinthelastfiveyears,whichexplainedthatpeoplehasobviouslyrealizedtheimportanceofthecityecologicalsecurity.

Keywords:

City,compositeindexmethod,ecologicalsecurityassessment,Beijing

1.Introduction

TheUrbanecosystemisthenetworkarchitecturehascertainfunctionwhichformsbythereciprocityfunctionofhumanityandtheirperipherybiologyornon-bioticenvironment,itisalsoaspecialartificialecosystemestablishedbyhumanintheprocessoftransformingandadaptingnaturalenvironment.Itisdifferentfromthenaturalecosystem,anditpaysgreatattentiontothereciprocityrelationoftheurbanhumanityandurbanenvironment.Itisamultiplexedsystemwhichcomposedbythenaturesystematic,theeconomicsystemandthesocialsystem.Theurbanizationisaninevitabletendencyinthedevelopmentprocessofhumansociety.Inthecourseofurbanization,thehumanitylimitmajoritywildbiologyinmoreandmorenarrowscope,simultaneouslyalsocircledthemselvesintheartificialenvironmentwhichcomposedbytheconcreteandVariousformsofpollution,andhasbeenfarawayfromtherurallivingconditionsthatourancestorshave,whichhasproducedallsortsofdiseasesofcivilization.Therefore,improvingandprotectingthecityecologicalenvironmentisoneoftheimportanttopicswhichmustbetakenseriouslyintheprocessofurbanconstructionanddeveloping.

Theresearchonecologicalsecuritymainlyfocusedoncountry’slevelandregion’slevelatpresent,andfewerfocusedonthecitycriterion,buttheurbanecologicalsecurityisthefoundationandthecoreofthenationalortheregion’secologicalsecurity.Cityisthefruitofthehumanculture,andhasenormouspromotioneffecttothedevelopmentofeconomical,culturalprosperous,politicalactivitiesandinformationdissemination,whileitalsobroughtnegativeeffecttohuman’slivingenvironmentsaswellastoecologicalsecurity,suchasthemassivesocialproblemswhichcausedbytheurbanclimaticchanges,liketheenvironmentalpollution,depletionofnaturalresources,populationexplosioninurbanareaandsoon.AsthecapitalofChina,UrbanEco-environmentproblemsofBeijingaremorecentralizedandpressing,therapiddevelopmentofurbanconstructionandecologicaldegradationhavecreatedtremendouspressuretoBeijingecologicalenvironment（GuoXiuruiw2005;

XieHualin,2004）.

Atpresent,thecommonlymethodusedtoassesscityecologicalsecurityisthecompositeindexassessmentmethod,itsindicatorsmaychangeaccordingtothegoalofthework,wecanselectindicatorsfromtheecologypressure,theregionecologicalconditionandspatialcondition,thepressure-condition–responseconditionmodel,theecosystemservicefunctionandsoon（GuChuanhui,2001）.ThispaperconstructsBeijing’secologicalsecurityindicatorssystembasedonthemodelofpressure-state–response（PSR）,adoptingthecompositeindexmethodtoestimatetheecologicalsecurityofBeijing,andhasmadegreatprogress.

2.MaterialsandMethods

2.1Data

Thedatausedinthisstudyincludedremotely-senseddatafromsatellitesanddatapublishedinstatisticsandreports.Soilerosiondatacamefromthedatabase”Nationalsoilerosionremotesensinginvestigation”basedontheLandsatTM.Otherdata,includingsocioeconomicdata,dataonnaturedisasters,scientificandtechnologicalprogressandsomewrittenmaterials（suchasdocumentsoneco-environmentalprotection）weresuppliedbylocalstatisticalbureauandenvironment,water,land,andeducationauthorities.

2.2Thestudyarea

Beijing,locatedattheeasternedgeoftheEurasiancontinentandbelongstotheBohaisearimeconomiccircle,isanimportantcitysinceancienttimes.Itissituatedat39'

54'

'

NorthLatitude,116'

23'

EastLongitude,andstandsatnorthwestedgeoftheNorthChinaPlainwiththeareaofmorethan16410.54km2,actastheeconomic,politicalandculturalcentreofmodernChinacity.Theaverageelevationofthewholecityis43.5m.Theresidentpopulationofthecityis17,550,000,densityofwhichis1069personinsinglesquarekilometer.Thisareaisbelongingtothewarmtemperatezoneandhalfmoistcontinentalmonsoonclimate,whichhashot,rainysummer,colddrywinter,shortspringandautumn.

Beijingisacomprehensiveindustrialcity,comprehensiveeconomicstrengthofwhichisamongthetopplaces（placesofsamelevel）inthecountry.ButitisnoteworthythatBeijing'

seconomicdevelopmentstillhadproblems,whicharemainlyaboutpopulationexplosion,thespeedoftheaverageperpersonlaborproductivitygrowinginlowstatuscomparedwithotherchiefcities.

Method

Pressure-State-Response（PSR）model

ThePSRmodelisbasedontheconceptofcausality:

humanactivitiesexertpressuresontheenvironmentandchangethequalityandquantityofnaturalresourceswhichleadtoresponsesinhumanbehavior.Threecategoriesofindicatorsaredistinguished.First,eco-environmentalpressureindicatorsdescribepressuresontheenvironmentbyhumanactivitiesandclimatechange.Second,eco-environmentalstateindicatorsdescribethestatusquoofthenaturalenvironmentandecosystemfunction.Thirdly,societalresponseindicatorsshowthedegreetowhichsocietyrespondstoeco-environmentalchangesandconcerns.Thiscouldbethenumberandkindofmeasurestaken,theeffortsofimplementingmeasures,ortheeffectivenessofthosemeasures.

2.3Indexselected

The18independentindicators,representingprincipalBeijingeco-securitytraits,wereselectedinanadaptedPSRframework（table1）.Inpossessofselectingtheseindicators,wehaveconsideredrelatedmethodsaboutecologicalsecurityevaluationwhichuseddomesticandforeignatpresent.Theindicatorshavefourlevelsaboveall.Firstistargetlevel,namelycompositeindex;

secondisprojectlevel,includingpressure,conditiononresourcesandenvironment,indexaboutresponseofhumanitiesandenvironment;

Andthethirdisofthefactorlevel,dealingwithfactorsbywhichthejustificationcriteriaisdeterminate.ThespecificresultisinTable1:

Table1IndexsystemofBeijingurbanecologicalsecurityevaluation

TargetLevel

weigt

ProjectLevel

FactorLevel

IndexLevel

The

ecological

securityindexforbeijing

1

thepressuresthatresultfromnatureandhumans

0.37

Pressureonpopulation

0.26

Populationdensity

0.6

populationgrowthrate

0.40

Pressureonland

0.25

percapitaroadarea

0.32

percapitapublicgreenbeltarea

percapitaarableland

0.43

Pressureonwaterresources

0.24

Percapitalwaterresources

thestatusoftheecosystem

0.33

ResourcesQuality

0.52

comprehensiveutilizationoftheindustrialsolidwastes

0.28

rateofsewage

Soundtreatmentrateofgarbage

0.4

EnvironmentalQuality

0.48

Environmentnoise

0.31

attainmentrateoftheindustrialwastewater

soilerosion

Theresponsesofhumanandenvironment

0.30

responseofhuman

0.49

Numberofbedsperthousandpeople

0.58

bookcollectionquantityeverytenthousandpeople

0.42

Responseofenvironment

0.51

Watersaving

2.4StandardizationofIndex

ThecontributiontoecologicalsecurityofeachindexofBeijingcitycanbedeterminedbyAHPmethod.However,thismethoddidnotallowustodirectlycompareindicesbecauseeachindexhaddifferentdimensions.Allindicesmustthusbestandardizedtoovercomeincompatibilitiesamongtheparameterswhenutilizingtheindices.Theevaluatingindicatorscanbedividedintothepositivetermtargetandthenegativetermtarget.Forsomeindicators,thebiggerthevalueis,themoresecurityitreflects.Forsomeotherindicators,thebiggerthevalueis,thelesssecurityitreflects.Therefore,themodeltakesthefollowingtwoforms.

Fortheformcase,

Forthelattercase,

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________allactualmeasurements,respectively.___________________________________________________________________________________________

orthelattercase,orms.s,thebiggerthevalueis,thelesssecurityitreflects.e,themodeltakes____________