采矿英语教程Lesson One TextWord格式文档下载.docx

采矿英语教程Lesson One TextWord格式文档下载.docx

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theseareoutlinedhere.Foracompletelistofminingterminology,seeastandardreference（Gregory,1980;

AmericanGeologicalInstitute,1997）Thefollowingthreetermsarecloselyrelated:

Mine:

anexcavationmadeintheearthtoextractminerals

Mining:

theactivity,occupation,andindustryconcernedwiththeextractionofminerals

Miningengineering:

thepracticeofapplyingengineeringprinciplestothedevelopment,planning,operation,closure,andreclamationofmines

Sometermsdistinguishvarioustypesofminedminerals.Geologically,onecandistinguishthefollowingmineralscategories:

Mineral:

anaturallyoccurringinorganicelementorcompoundhavinganorderlyinternalstructureandacharacteristicchemicalcompositioncrystalform,andphysicalproperties

Rock:

anynaturallyformedaggregateofoneormoretypesofmineralparticles

Economicdifferencesinthenatureofmineraldepositsisevidentinthefollowingterms:

Ore：

amineraldepositthathassufficientutilityandvaluetobeminedataprofit.

Gangue（脉石）:

thevaluelessmineralparticleswithinanoredepositthatmustbediscarded.

Waste:

thematerialassociatedwithanoredepositthatmustbeminedtogetattheoreandmustthenbediscarded.Gangueisaparticulartypeofwaste.

Afurthersubdivisionofthetypesofmineralsminedbyhumankindisalsocommon.Thesetermsareoftenusedintheindustrytodifferentiatebetweenthefusels,metals,andnonmetallicminerals.Thefollowingarethemostcommontermsusedinthisdifferentiation:

Metallicores:

thoseoresoftheferrousmetals（iron,manganese,molybdenum,andtungsten（钨））,thebasemetals（copper,lead,zinc,andtin）,thepreciousmetals（gold,silver,theplatinumgroupmetals）,andtheradio-activeminerals（uranium,thorium（钍）,andradium（镭））.

Nonmetallicminerals（alsoknownasindustrialminerals）:

thenonfuelmineraloresthatarenotassociatedwiththeproductionofmetals.Theseincludephosphate（磷酸盐）,potash（钾碱，碳酸钾，氢氧化钾）,halite（石盐，岩盐）,trona（天然碱）,sand,gravel,limestone,sulfur,andmanyothers.

Fossilfuels（alsoknownasmineralfuels）:

theorganicmineralsubstancesthatcanbeutilizedasfuels,suchascoalpetroleum,naturalgas,coalbedmethane,gilsonite（硬沥青）,andtarsands.

Itshouldbenotedthattheminingengineerisassociatedwiththeextractionofnearlyallthesemineralresources.However,theproductionofpetroleumandnaturalgashasevolvedintoaseparateindustrywithaspecializedtechnologyofitsown.Thesemineralproductswillnotbediscussedinanydetailhere.

Theessenceofmininginextractingmineralwealthfromtheearthistodriveanexcavation（开凿；

挖掘;

洞；

坑道）orexcavationsfromthesurfacetothemineraldeposit.Normally,theseopeningsintotheeartharemeanttoallowpersonneltoenterintotheundergrounddeposit.However,boreholesareattimesusedtoextractthemineralvaluesfromtheearth.Thesefieldsofboreholesarealsocalledmines,astheyarethemeanstomineamineraldeposit,evenifnooneentersintothegeologicrealmofthedeposit.Notethatwhentheeconomicprofitabilityofamineraldeposithasbeenestablishedwithsomeconfidence,oreororedepositispreferredasthedescriptivetermforthemineraloccurrence.However,coalandindustrialmineraldepositsareoftennotsodesignated,eveniftheirprofitabilityhasbeenfirmlyestablished.Iftheexcavationusedforminingisentirelyopenoroperatedfromthesurface,itistermedasurfacemine.Iftheexcavationconsistsofopeningsforhumanentrybelowtheearth’ssurface,itiscalledanundergroundmine.Thedetailsoftheprocedure,layout,andequipmentusedintheminedistinguishtheminingmethod.Thisisdeterminedbythegeologic,physical,environmental,economic,andlegalcircumstancesthatpertaintotheoredepositbeingmined.

Miningisneverproperlydoneinisolation,norisitanentityinitself.Itisprecededbygeologicinvestigationsthatlocatethedepositandeconomicanalysesthatproveitfinanciallyfeasible.Followingextractionofthefuel,industrialmineral,ormetallicore,therun-of-minematerialisgenerallycleanedorconcentrated.Thispreparationorbeneficiationofthemineralintoahigher-qualityproductistermedmineralprocessing.Themineralproductssoproducedmaythenundergofurtherconcentration,refinement,orfabricationduringconversion,smelting,orrefiningtoprovideconsumerproducts.Theendstepinconvertingamineralmaterialintoausefulproductismarketing.

Quitefrequently,excavationintheearthisemployedforpurposesotherthanmining.Theseincludecivilandmilitaryworksinwhichtheobjectistoproduceastableopeningofadesiredsize,orientation,andpermanence.Examplesarevehicular,water,andsewertunnels,plusundergroundstoragefacilities,wastedisposalareas,andmilitaryinstallations.Manyoftheseexcavationsareproducedbymeansofstandardminingtechnology.

Professionally,thefieldsofendeavorassociatedwiththemineralindustriesarelinkedtothephaseorstageinwhichanactivityoccurs.Locatingandexploringamineraldepositfallinthegeneralprovinceofgeologyandtheearthsciences.Miningengineering,alreadydefined,encompassestheproving（withthegeologist）,planning,developing,andexploitingofamineraldeposit.Theminingengineermayalsobeinvolvedwiththeclosureandreclamationofthemineproperty,althoughheorshemaysharethosedutieswiththoseintheenvironmentalfields.Thefieldsofprocessing,refining,andfabricatingareassignedtometallurgy,althoughthereisoftensomeoverlapinthemineralprocessingareawithminingengineering.

Prospecting

Prospecting,thefirststageintheutilizationofamineraldeposit,isthesearchfororesorothervaluableminerals（coalornonmetallic）.Becausemineraldepositsmaybelocatedeitheratorbelowthesurfaceoftheearth,bothdirectandindirectprospectingtechniquesareemployed.

Thedirectmethodofdiscovery,normallylimitedtosurfacedeposits,consistsofvisualexaminationofeithertheexposure（outcrop）ofthedepositortheloosefragments（float）thathaveweatheredawayfromtheoutcrop.Geologicstudiesoftheentireareaaugmentthissimple,directtechnique.Bymeansofaerialphotography,geologicmaps,andstructuralassessmentofanarea,thegeologistgathersevidencebydirectmethodstolocatemineraldeposits.Precisemappingandstructuralanalysisplusmicroscopicstudiesofsamplesalsoenablethegeologisttolocatethehiddenaswellassurfacemineralization.

Themostvaluablescientifictoolemployedintheindirectsearchforhiddenmineraldepositsisgeophysics,thescienceofdetectinganomaliesusingphysicalmeasurementsofgravitational,seismic,magnetic,electrical,electromagnetic,andradiometricvariablesoftheearth.Themethodsareappliedfromtheair,usingaircraftandsatellites;

onthesurfaceoftheearth;

andbeneaththeearth,usingmethodsthatprobebelowthetopography.Geochemistry,thequantitativeanalysisofsoil,rock,andwatersamples,andgeo-botany,theanalysisofplantgrowthpatterns,canalsobeemployedasprospectingtools.

Explore

Thesecondstageinthelifeofamine,explorationdeterminesasaccuratelyaspossiblethesizeandvalueofamineraldeposit,utilizingtechniquessimilartobutmorerefinedthanthoseusedinprospecting.Thelineofdemarcationbetweenprospectingandexplorationisnotsharp;

infactadistinctionmaynotbepossibleinsomecases.Explorationgenerallyshiftstosurfaceandsubsurfacelocations,usingavarietyofmeasurementstoobtainamorepositivepictureoftheextentandgradeoftheorebody.Representativesamplesmaybesubjectedtochemical,metallurgical,Xray,spectrographic,orradiometricevaluationtechniquesthataremeanttoenhancetheinvestigator’sknowledgeofthemineraldeposit.Samplesareobtainedbychippingoutcrops,trenching,tunneling,anddrilling,inaddition,boreholelogsmaybeprovidedtostudythegeologicandstructuralmakeupofthedeposit.Rotary,percussion,ordiamonddrillscanbeusedforexplorationpurpose.However,diamonddrillsarefavoredbecausethecorestheyyieldprovideknowledgeofthegeologicstructure.Thecoreisnormallysplitalongitsaxis;

onehalfisanalyzed,andtheotherhalfisretainedintactforfurthergeologicstudy.

Anevaluationofthesamplesenablesthegeologistorminingengineertocalculatethetonnageandgrade,orrichness,ofthemineraldeposit.Heorsheestimatetheminingcosts,evaluatestherecoveryofthevaluableminerals,determinestheenvironmentalcosts,andassessesotherforeseeablefactorsinanefforttoreachaconclusionabouttheprofitabilityofthemineraldeposit.Thecruxoftheanalysisisthequestionofwhetherthepropertyisjustanothermineraldepositoranorebody.Foranoredeposit,theoverallprocessiscalledreserveestimation,thatis,theexaminationandvaluat