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D.fades
2.【题干】2._____
A.alternatively
B.formally
C.accidentally
D.generally
3.【题干】3._____
A.while
B.since
C.once
D.until
4.【题干】4._____
A.detection
B.accumulation
C.consumption
D.separation
5.【题干】5._____
A.possibility
B.decision
C.goal
D.requirement
6.【题干】6._____
A.delay
B.ensure
C.seek
D.utilize
7.【题干】7._____
A.modify
B.supported
C.included
D.predicted
8.【题干】8._____
A.devoted
B.compared
C.converted
D.applied
9.【题干】9._____
A.with
B.above
C.by
D.against
10.【题干】10._____
A.above
B.managed
C.scored
D.played
11.【题干】11._____
A.ranout
B.setoff
C.drewin
D.wentby
12.【题干】12._____
A.superior
B.attributable
C.parallel
D.resistant
13.【题干】13._____
A.restored
B.isolated
C.involved
D.controlled
14.【题干】14._____
A.alter
B.spread
C.remove
D.explain
15.【题干】15._____
A.compensations
B.symptoms
C.demands
D.treatments
16.【题干】16._____
A.Likewise
B.Meanwhile
C.Therefore
D.Instead
17.【题干】17._____
A.change
B.watch
C.count
D.take
18.【题干】18._____
A.well-being
B.process
C.formation
D.coordination
19.【题干】19._____
A.level
B.love
C.knowledge
D.space
20.【题干】20._____
A.design
B.routine
C.diet
D.prescription
SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）
Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?
Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:
everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'
srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear'
s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex（CPI）measureofinflation.
Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?
EquallythereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.
However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.
TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'
srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.
21.【题干】Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'
sincreaseinrailpassengersfares_____.
A.willeasetrainoperation'
s'
burden.
B.haskeptpacewithinflation.
C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.
D.remainsanunreasonablemeasure.
22.【题干】Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor_____.
A.cardrivers
B.railtravellers
C.localinvestors
D.ordinarytaxpayers
23.【题干】Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperators_____.
A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.
B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.
C.havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.
D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.
24.【题干】Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface_____.
A.thelossofinvestment.
B.thecollapseofoperations.
C.areductionofrevenue
D.achangeofownership.
25.【题干】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?
B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'
tWork
C.CanNationalizationBringHope?
D.Ever-risingFaresAren'
tSustainable
LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry'
santipovertyprogram.
In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'
realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.
ButCCTprogramsdon'
tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.
That'
sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'
tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.
Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'
spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.
Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingduringIndonesia'
sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,"
weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,"
Ferrarosays.
slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.
Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'
sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'
sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.
26.【题干】Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto_____.
A.facilitatehealthcarereform.
B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.
C.improvelocaleducationsystems.
D.lowerdeforestationrates.
27.【题干】ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat_____.
A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajo
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