最新职称英语学习资料阅读理解讲义8.docx

最新职称英语学习资料阅读理解讲义8.docx

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最新职称英语学习资料阅读理解讲义8

最新职称英语学习资料（阅读理解讲义）7

Eventhoughulcersappeartoruninfamilies,lifestyleplaysmoreofarolethangeneticfactorsincausingtheillness,accordingtoareportintheApril13thJournalofInternalMedicine.Inparticular,smokingandstressinmenandtheregularuseofpain-releasingmedicinesinwomenwerelinkedwithanincreasedriskofdevelopinganulcer.

Overall,61%ofulcerriskappearstobeduetoenvironmentalfactors,suchassmoking,andtheremaining39%isduetogenesaccordingtoDr.IsmoRaihaoftheUniversityofTurkyandcolleaguesattheUniversityofHelsinki,Finland.SomeresearchershadsuggestedthatfamiliesmayspreadHelicobacteriapylori,thebacteriathatcancauseulcers.However,thenewstudysuggeststhisisunlikely,accordingtothereport.

Raihaandcolleaguesstudieddatafrommorethan13,000pairsoftwins"toexaminetherolesofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsintheoriginofpepticulcerdisease,"theyexplain.Bothtwinsweremorelikelytodevelopanulcerifthepairweregeneticallythesameascomparedwithapairoffraternaltwins,suggestingthattheremustbesomegeneticsusceptibilitytoulcerdevelopment.

However,theriskwasnogreaterintwinslivingtogethercomparedwithtwinslivingapart,suggestingthatsharedexposuretoH.pyloriwasnottoblame."Environmenteffectswerenotduetofactorssharedbyfamilymembers,andtheywererelatedtosmokingandstressinmenandtheuseofanalgesicsinwomen,"theauthorswrote."Theminoreffectsofsharedenvironmenttodiseaseliabilitydonotsupporttheconceptthatthegroupingofriskfactors,suchasH.pyloriinfection,wouldexplainthegeneticfactorofpepticulcerdisease,"theyconcluded.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisaverylikelycauseofulcerinmen?

A）Smokingandstress.

B）Drinkingandsmoking.

C）Genesandchildren.

D）Useofacertainmedicine.

2.Whatfactorscontributetooverhalftheulcers?

A）Hereditaryfactors.

B）Economicfactors.

C）Environmentalfactors.

D）Geneticfactors.

3.Inrelationtoulcers,expertsstudytwinsinordertoexamine

A）therolesofgeneticfactors.

B）therolesofenvironmentalfactors.

C）therolesofbothfactors.

D）therolesofbrotherhood.

4.Whatdoes"environmentaleffects"inthefifthparagraphreferto?

A）Acleanenvironmentwithnosmokeanddustsurroundingthelivingarea.

B）Smokingandstressinmenanduseofpain-killingmedicineinWomen.

C）Factorssharedbyfamilymemberssuchasgenesandthefoodtheyeat.

D）SharedexposuretoH.pyloriinfectionintheuncleanenvironment.

5.Thepassagearguesthat

A）ulcersarerelatedtogenes.

B）ulcersarerelatedtolifestyle.

C）ulcersappearinmenandwomen.

D）ulcersarecausedbypyloriinfection.

KEY:

ACCBB

PASSAGE52

FirstAid

Firstaidisemergencycareforavictimofsuddenillnessorinjuryuntilmoreskillfulmedicaltreatmentisavailable.Firstaidmaysavealifeorimprovecertainvitalsignsincludingpulse,temperature,anunobstructedairway,andbreathing.Inminoremergencies,firstaidmaypreventavictim'sconditionfromworseningandproviderelieffrompain.Firstaidmustbeadministeredasquicklyaspossible.Inthecaseofthecriticallyinjured,afewminutescanmakethedifferencebetweencompleterecoveryandlossoflife.

First-aidmeasuresdependuponavictim'sneedsandprovider'slevelofknowledgeandskill.Knowingwhatnottodoinanemergencyisasimportantasknowingwhattodo.Improperlymovingapersonwithaneckinjury,forexample,canleadtopermanentspinalinjuryandparalysis.

Despitethevarietyofinjuriespossible,severalprinciplesoffirstaidapplytoallemergencies.Thefirststepistocallforprofessionalmedicalhelp.Thevictim,ifconscious,shouldbereassuredthatmedicalaidhasbeenrequested,andaskedforpermissiontoprovideanyfirstaid.Next,assessthescene,askingotherpeopleortheinjuredperson'sfamilyorfriendsaboutdetailsoftheinjuryorillness,anycarethatmayhavealreadybeengiven,andpreexistingconditionssuchasdiabetesorhearttrouble.Thevictimshouldbecheckedformedicalbraceletorcardthatdescribesspecialmedicalconditions.Unlesstheaccidentscenebecomesunsafeorthevictimmaysufferfurtherinjury,donotmovethevictim.

Firstaidrequiresrapidassessmentofvictimstodeterminewhetherlife-threateningconditionsexist.Onemethodforevaluatingavictim'sconditionisknownbytheacronymABC,whichstandsfor:

A-Airway:

isitopenandunobstructed?

B-Breathing:

isthepersonbreathing?

Look,listen,andfeelforbreathing.

C-Circulation:

isthereapulse?

Isthepersonbleedingexternally?

Checkskincolorandtemperatureforadditionalindicationsofcirculationproblems.

Onceobviousinjurieshavebeenevaluated,theinjuredperson'sheadshouldbekeptinaneutralpositioninlinewiththebody.Ifnoevidenceexiststosuggestpotentialskullorspinalinjury,placetheinjuredpersoninacomfortableposition.Positionedononeside,avictimcanvomitwithoutchokingorobstructingtheairway.

1.Itisveryimportantinfirstaidto

A）movetheinjuredpersonfromthesceneofaccidentimmediately.

B）spendafewminutesformakingthedifferencebetweenrecoveryanddeath.

C）knowwhattodoandwhatnottodoaccordingtotheconditionofthevictim.

D）removethemedicalbraceletorcardfromthevictim.

2.OneofthefollowingpracticesisNOTrightinthefirstaid,thatis,

A）tocheckwhetherthevictimisbreathing.

B）toletthevictimlieononeside.

C）totelephoneahospitalatonce.

D）towaitpatientlyformoreskillfulmedicaltreatmentbeforecarryingonfirstaid.

3.Thearticleimpliesthattheprovideroffirstaidshouldbeespeciallycareful

A）inhandingthevictimonlyifhelearnsthatthevictimhasbothdiabetesandhearttrouble.

B）inhandingthevictimifhelearnthatthevictimhasdiabetesorhearttrouble.

C）nottomovethevictimifhefindsamedicalbraceletonthevictim.

D）nottomovethevictimifhefindstheaccidentscenetobeunsafe.

4.Accordingtothisarticle,firstaidisusuallyprovidedby

A）professionaldoctors.

B）thevictim'sfamilymembers.

C）thevictim'sfriends.

D）thosepeoplewhoarenotnecessarilyprofessionaldoctors.

5.Thisarticlecanbesaidtobeoneto

A）givebasicknowledgeabouthowtopracticefirstaid.

B）giveabriefintroductiontothehistoryoffirstaid.

C）givesomeknowledgetoanyonewhomaybeinjuredinanaccident.

D）givewarningthatfirstaidisdangeroustothosewhodonotknowtodoit.

Key:

CDBDA

PASSAGE53

Sleeplessness

Insomniaorsleeplessnessisacommoncomplaintofwomenastheyenterintomenopause.

Insomniameanshavingtroublefallingasleeporstayingasleeporthefeelingthatyoursleepwasnotadequateforyou.Forwomenwhoarehavingnightsweats,theirsleepisbrokenbyfrequentawakeningandthereforenotrefreshing.Generallyoncethenightsweatsarecontrolledanormalsleeppatternreturns.Ifitdoesn'titmaybe,orhavebecomechronicinsomnia.Howdoyouknow?

Ifyousufferfrominsomniaeverynightormostnightsforaperiodofonemonththenyouhavechronicinsomnia.Ifyou'renothavingnightsweatsthenit'stimetolookforothercausesofsleeplessness.Depressionandanxietydisordersarethemostcommoncausesofchronicinsomnia.Ifyoufeeldepressedyouneedtobecheckedbyaqualifiedhealthcareprovider.Movementdisorderssuchasrestlesslegsyndromearesecondonthelistofinsomniaforthem;therearenewmedicinesthatmayhelp.Othercommoncausesareshiftworking,andpain.

Inupto30%ofpeoplewithchronicinsomnianocausecanbeidentified.Medicaltreatmentofthesepeoplehasgenerallybeenwithsleepingpills.Itisestimatedthat25%oftheadultpopulationinAmericatooksometypeofmedicinesforsleeplastyear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatsleepingpillsshouldonlybeinthelowestdoseandfortheshortestpossibletime.

Sleephygieneisdirectedatchangingbadsleephabits.Therecommendationsare:

-Gotobedonlywhensleepy.-Donotwaituptoaspecifiedtime.-Avoidcaffeineandalcoholintheevening,etc.

1.Theword"insomnia"means

A）havingtroublefallingasleep.

B）feelingthatsleepisenough.

C）Havingnosweatsatnight.

D）Havingnormalsleeppattern.

2.Howmanypossiblecausesofsleeplessnessarementionedinthesecondparagraph?

A）Five

B）Six

C）Seven

D）Numerous

3.Theexpression"Secondonthelist"inthesecondparagraphmeans

A）thesecondcauseofallkindsofsleeplessness.

B）Thesecondmostimportantcauseofsleeplessness.

C）Thesecondonthedoctor'slistaboutsleeplesspeople.

D）Thesecondonthewriter'slistrecordingsleeplessness.

4.Concerningtheuseofsleepingpills,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A）MostadultAmericansusesleepingpillsforsleep.

B）Doctorsseldomgivesleeplesspeoplesleepingpills.

C）Sleepingpillsshouldbeusedforaveryfixedperiod.

D）Sleepingpillsshouldbeusedinaverysmallamount.

5.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotfitwithsleephygiene?

A）Makearuletogotobedataspecifictimeeveryday.

B）Gotobedwhensleepy,notalwaysatthesametime.

C）Trynottodrinkanycaffeineandalcoholintheevening

D）Changebadsleephabitsandfollowdoctors'advice

Key:

ABBDA

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