范文Word文件下载.docx

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法律英语，法律英语词汇特点，翻译实践

Abstract

ThepresentthesisisdevotedtoastudyofcharacteristicsandtranslationofLegalLexicon.Thethesisconsistsofthreeparts.

ChapterOneisanintroductiontolegalEnglish,dealingwiththedefinition,significanceandspecificcriteriaforlegaltranslation：

Faithfulness，Accuracy，Smoothness，Consistency.Thefollowingchaptermainlyintroducesthefourcharacteristicsoflegaltranslation:

profession，formality,objectivityandprecision.Inthelightofthecriteriainchapteroneandcharacteristicsinchaptertwo,adiscussionismadeonthelegallexicontranslationinchapterthree.ImakeananalysisoftheEnglishVersionoftheAdvertisementLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandlistsomelexicontranslationtechniquesthatthosewhoarehandlinglegaldocumentEnglish-Chinesetranslationshouldinnocasefailtouse.Whentheabove-mentionedtechniquesareputintopractice，thefourcriteriaforlegaltranslationwillbeobservedandbettertranslationscreated.Ihopethethesiscanbeastudywhichhasbothpracticalandtheoreticalvalues.

Keywords:

LegalEnglish,characteristicsoflegallexicon,translationpractice

Contents

ChapterOneIntroduction1

1.1Definition1

1.2Review1

1.3PurposeandSignificance2

1.4SpecificCriteriaforLegalTranslation2

ChapterTwotheLexicalCharacteristicsofLegalEnglish4

2.1Profession4

2.2Formality5

2.3Objectivity6

2.4Precision（accuracy）6

ChapterThreePracticeofLegalEnglish8

3.1Adoptionofhere-/there-words8

3.2AdoptionofTypicalwordsandExpressions9

3.3AdoptionofExactWords10

3.4CorrectAdoptionofshall12

3.5TranslationofWordsandExpressionswithFlexibleMeanings13

ChapterFourConclusion15

Bibliography16

Acknowledgements17

文献翻译译文18

文献翻译原文20

ChapterOneIntroduction

1.1Definition

ThelinguistictermlegalEnglishhereinreferstothelanguageofEnglishusedinallkindsofdocumentsorbusinessevidenceswithlegalcapacity.Therearestillsomeothernamesfortheselegaldocumentsandbusinessevidenceasact,agreement,bill,code,concord,contract,convention,decree,law,memorandum,pact,regulation,rule,specification,statute,stipulation,treaty,andsoonandsoforth.

1.2Review

LegalTranslationinthewest:

AccordingtoSarcevic,theoldestknownrecordedevidenceoflegaltranslationistheEgyptian-HittitePeaceTreatyof1271B.C.（Sarcevic,1997:

23）AlthoughlegaltranslationhasalongertraditionthanthatofBibletranslation,thehistoryoflegaltranslationhasremainedmoreorlessanenigma.Nopreviousattemptshavebeenmadetostudythedevelopmentoflegaltranslationcomprehensively.

LegaltranslationinChina：

ThehistoryoflegaltranslationinChinadatesbacktoasearlyasthousandsofyearsago.TheoriginoflegaltranslationcanbetracedbacktothetimebeforethefoundingofXiadynasty.Inthehistoryofhumancivilization,exchangesbetweendifferentculturesplayedanimportantpart.TheChinesecivilizationbenefitedalotfromtwogreattraditions.OneisfromIndiaandtheotherfromtheWest,bothofwhicharethroughtranslation.ThedisseminationandpromotionoftheWesternlawisamainstreamideaintheexchangebetweenChinaandtheWestduringLateImperialChina.

1.3PurposeandSignificance

Englishitselfisaflexiblelanguagewhichhastakeninlargenumbersoflexicalitemsfromtheadjacentnationsthroughhistory.LegalEnglishisespeciallyinfluencedbytheeffect.Haveagoodcommandofthecharacteristicsofvarioussourcelanguagescannotonlyhelpthetranslatorstounderstandtheoriginaltextbetterandtranslateitintothetargetlanguagemoreprecisely,butalsohelpthemtoavoidthelanguagetraps,savinglotsoftimewastedonthefruitlesswordgame.Inlegaltranslation,thelegalEnglishisinlargeextentdifferentfromtheEnglishtheeducatedpeopleusuallytaught.Theso-calledlegalterminology,jargon,archaicwords,loanword，synonymouswordshavegivenbigtroublesinunderstandingtoaveragepersonsorlegaltranslators.Atthesametime,withthedevelopmentofeconomy,technologicalandculturalcooperationbetweenChinaandothercountries,legaltranslationplaysamajorroleintheprocessofcommunicationandisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.AslegalLexicaltranslationisdeemedasaverydifficultpartbythosewhoareemployedinthebusiness,it’svitaltodoadeepresearchonit.

1.4SpecificCriteriaforLegalTranslation

Heateddiscussiononthethreeprinciplesoftranslation（Faithfulness,Smoothness,andElegance）isproceedingamongChinesetranslators.Itseemsquiterecklesstocometoaconclusionastowhichprincipleismoreimportantandwhichoneshouldbeabandonednow.However,whenitcomestoacertainfieldoftranslationorratherthetranslationbetweenaspecificstyleofEnglishlanguageandChineseisconcerned,itisnotimpracticableforustobalanceeachoneoftheseprinciplesagainsttheotherssoastodeterminewhichonesareofmorepracticaluse.

AstoLegalEnglish,ithastwokeystylisticfeatures:

formalityandPrecision，whichgiverisetosomecharacteristicsofthelexiconsyntaxandtextoflegaldocuments.Therefore，thecriteriaofthetranslationoflegalEnglishshould，inasense，bespecific.Consideringallthese，theauthorpresentsfourcriteriaofFaithfulness，Accuracy，Smoothness，Consistency，whicharebasedonthePrinciplesofFaithfulness，SmoothnessandElegancebutmorepracticaltolegaltranslation.Fromthefourcriteriawecanreadilynoticethattwonewcriteria—AccuracyandConsistency—areaddedtotheformerthreecriteriawhileEleganceisabandoned.Therootcauseforthisalterationliesinthecharacteristicsofthelanguageofthelaw.

Inthenewcriteriaforlegaltranslation，apartfromemphasizingthatthetargetlanguagemustbefaithfultothesourcelanguage，thereisademandforaccuracybetweenthem.TherearealargenumberofcommonwordswithuncommonmeaningsinlegalEnglish.Forexample，ifwetranslatethewordactioninto“行动、行为”inChinese，itshouldnotbedeemedthatwehavefailedtoobservethecriteriaofFaithfulness.However，thetranslationmaybeconsideredinaccurateinlegaltranslationforitshouldberenderedinto“诉讼”inChinese.ItisagoodexampletoexplainthesignificanceofobservingthecriterionofAccuracyinlegaltranslation.Thelanguageofthelawisrichintermsofart，jargonsandpropernouns.Whenencounteringthesewordsandexpressions，therequestforConsistencybecomesexceptionallyurgentanditseemsthatinconsistenttranslationswillinevitablyresultinmisunderstanding.

ThePrincipleofEleganceisremovedfromthecriteriaforlegaltranslationbecausethelanguageofthelawisnormativeandprecise.Itisofvitalimportancetoachieveprecisionandavoidambiguityinanytranslation，evenatthesacrificeofelegance，say，rareuseofmodifiers，theawkwardnessofthesentences.Therefore，itiscorrespondinglyoffarlesssignificancetoachieveElegancethanFaithfulness，Accuracy，SmoothnessandConsistencyinlegaltranslation.

ChapterTwotheLexicalCharacteristicsofLegalEnglish

2.1Profession

Likeothersubjects,legalterminologyandlegaljargonhaveitsparticulardefinition.Asthetoolandresultofthelegalprofessionthinking,legalterminologyhasitsownlanguagestructureandexpressspecialconcept.Itshighappearancerateinthelegallanguageshowsitsdistinctcharacter,sothemeaningsofthesewordsareuniqueandirreplaceable.Forinstance,“住所”shouldbetranslatedtodomicile,homeisthebasisofdomicilewhiledomicileishome’slegalmeaning;

inaddition,domicileandresidencemayrefertoasameplaceinmostcases,buttheirlegalmeaningdifferalot.Onecanowntwoormoreresidenceatthesametimewhilehe/shecanjustownonedomicile.Theabove-mentionedvocabulariesarecalledtermsofartthatoriginatefromtheLatinvocabulaartisusedbyLordLoke.Thelawhascreatedalargenumberoftechniquewordswithsinglemeaning,thus,termsofartisverycommonnowinthelegaldocument.

Exceptthewordswithparticularlegalmeanings,manydaily-usedwordsmayhavespecialmeaningsonceappliedinthelegaldocuments.Thischaracteriswhatweusuallycalledprofession.HerearesomeexamplesofthecommonmeaningsandlegalmeaningsoftheEnglishwords.

Englishwords

Commonmeaning

Legalmeaning

adverse

相反的

非法的

battery

电池

伤害/人身攻击

condemn

谴责

判刑/定罪

declaration

声明/宣言

申诉书

exhibit

展出

物证

hear

听见

听审

immunity

免疫力

豁免权

leave

离开

休庭

proceed

进行

起诉

report

报告

揭发

sentence

句子

判决

undo

解开

勾引/诱奸

vacation

假期

休庭期

warrant

保证

拘捕令

Apartfromthesecommonwordswithparticularlegalmeanings,therearesomearchaicwordsandwordsborrowedfromotherlanguages,whicharealsoreflectionsoftheprofessionoflegallexicons.

Borrowedwords:

wordsborrowedfromLatin,suchas:

adhoc

专门地

bonafide

真诚地

defacto

事实上的

interalia

除了别的因素以外

inre

关于

mutatismutandis

已作了必要的修订

paripassu

按相同比例

perse

自身

probono

为了公益

prorata

按比例

Inaddition,thereareagreatmanyarchaicwordsinlegalEnglishandhere-/there-/where-wordsareamongthemostfrequentlyusedones.

hereby

由此/以此/特此

hereinafter

在下文

herein

其中/在此处

hereinbefore

在上文

hereof

至此/由此

heretofore

直到此时

hereto

至此/关于这个

hereinabove

hereunder

在下面

hereunto

于是

therein

其中

thereafter

此后/据