Week 1 Introduction.docx

Week 1 Introduction.docx

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Week1Introduction

Week1Introduction

1.Definitions

Interpreting——Thefacilitatingofcommunicationfromonelanguageformintoitsequivalent,orapproximateequivalent,inanotherlanguageform.

Interpretation——Theactualproductofthiswork,thatis,themessagethusrenderedintospeech,signlanguage,writing,non-manualsignals,orotherlanguageform.

Interpreter——Apersonwhoconvertsathoughtorexpressioninasourcelanguageintoanexpressionwithacomparablemeaninginatargetlanguagein"realtime".

2.InterpretingversusTranslation

Interpretationandtranslationarenotsynonymous,butrefer,respectively,tothespokenandwrittentransferenceofmeaningbetweentwolanguages.

Interpretingoccursinrealtime,inthepresence—physical,televised,ortelephonic—ofthepartiesforwhomtheinterpreterrendersaninterpretation.

Translationisthetransferenceofmeaningfromtexttotext（writtenorrecorded）,withthetranslatorhavingtimeandaccesstoresources（dictionaries,glossaries,etc.）toproduceafaithful,true,andaccuratedocumentorverbalartifact.

Interpretationisalsoheldtoadifferentstandardofaccuracythantranslation.Translatorshavetimetoconsiderandreviseeachwordandsentencebeforedeliveringtheirproducttotheclient.Whileinterpreterstrytoachievetotalaccuracyatalltimes,detailsoftheoriginal（source）speechcanbeomittedfromtheinterpretationintothetargetlanguage,withoutapause.

3.Modesofinterpreting

（1）SimultaneousInterpreting同声传译

Insimultaneousinterpreting（SI）,theinterpreterrendersthemessageinthetarget-languageasquicklyasheorshecanformulateitfromthesourcelanguage,whilethesource-languagespeakercontinuouslyspeaks;aspokenlanguageSIinterpreter,sittinginasound-proofbooth,speaksintoamicrophone,whileclearlyseeingandhearingthesource-languagespeakerviaearphones.Thesimultaneousinterpretationisrenderedtothetarget-languagelistenersviatheirearphones.NOTE:

LaymenoftenincorrectlydescribeSIandtheSIinterpreteras'simultaneoustranslation'andasthe'simultaneoustranslator',ignoringthedefinitedistinctionbetweeninterpretationandtranslation.

（2）ConsecutiveInterpreting交替传译

Inconsecutiveinterpreting（CI）,theinterpreterspeaksafterthesource-languagespeakerhasfinishedspeaking.Thespeechisdividedintosegments,andtheinterpretersitsorstandsbesidethesource-languagespeaker,listeningandtakingnotesasthespeakerprogressesthroughthemessage.Whenthespeakerpausesorfinishesspeaking,theinterpreterthenrendersaportionofthemessageortheentiremessageinthetargetlanguage.

（3）WhisperedInterpreting耳语式口译

Inwhisperedinterpreting,theinterpretersitsorstandsnexttothesmalltarget-languageaudiencewhilewhisperingasimultaneousinterpretationofthemattertohand;thismethodrequiresnoequipment,butmaybedoneviaamicrophoneandheadphonesiftheparticipantsprefer.Itisusedincircumstanceswherethemajorityofagroupspeaksthesourcelanguage,andaminority（ideallynomorethanthreepeople）donotspeakit.

（4）RelayInterpreting接力口译

Relayinterpretingoccurswhenseverallanguagesarethetarget-language.Asource-languageinterpreterrendersthemessagetoalanguagecommontoeveryinterpreter,whothenrendersthemessagetohisorherspecifictargetlanguage.Forexample,aJapanesesourcemessagefirstisrenderedtoEnglishtoagroupofinterpreters,thenitisrenderedtoArabic,French,andRussian,theothertargetlanguages.

（5）Liaisoninterpreting联络口译（陪同口译）

Liaisoninterpretinginvolvesrelayingwhatisspokentoone,betweentwo,oramongmanypeople.Thiscanbedoneafterashortspeech,orconsecutively,sentence-by-sentence,oraswhispering;asidefromnotestakenatthetime,noequipmentisused.

4.Typesofinterpreting

（1）Conferenceinterpreting会议口译

Conferenceinterpretingistheinterpretationofaconference,eithersimultaneouslyorconsecutively.

（2）Legalandcourtinterpreting法庭口译

Legal,court,orjudicialinterpreting,occursincourtsofjustice,administrativetribunals,andwhereveralegalproceedingisheld（i.e.apolicestationforaninterrogation,aconferenceroomforadepositionorthelocalefortakingaswornstatement）.

（3）Focusgroup（marketing）interpreting

Infocusgroup（为了听取对某一问题、产品、或政策之意见,而召集到一起的一群人）interpreting,aninterpretersitsinasoundproofboothorinanobserver'sroomwiththeclients.Thereisusuallyaone-waymirrorbetweentheinterpreterandthefocusgroupparticipants,whereintheinterpretercanobservetheparticipants,buttheyonlyseetheirownreflection.Theinterpreterhearstheconversationintheoriginallanguagethroughheadphonesandsimultaneouslyinterpretsintothetargetlanguagefortheclients.

（4）Escortinterpreting陪同口译

Inescortinterpreting,aninterpreteraccompaniesapersonoradelegationonatour,onavisit,ortoameetingorinterview.Aninterpreterinthisroleiscalledanescortinterpreteroranescortinginterpreter.Thisisliaisoninterpreting.

（5）Communityinterpreting社区口译

Alsoknownaspublicsectorinterpreting,isthetypeofinterpretingoccurringinfieldssuchaslegal,health,andlocalgovernment,social,housing,environmentalhealth,education,andwelfareservices.

（6）Medicalinterpreting医学口译

Medicalinterpretingisasubsetofpublicserviceinterpreting,consistingofcommunication,amongmedicalpersonnelandthepatientandhisorherfamily,facilitatedbyaninterpreter,usuallyformallycertifiedandqualifiedtoprovidesuchinterpretationservices.

（7）Signlanguageinterpreting手语翻译

Whenahearingpersonspeaks,aninterpreterwillrenderthespeaker'smeaningintothesignlanguageusedbythedeafparty.Whenadeafpersonsigns,aninterpreterwillrenderthemeaningexpressedinthesignsintothespokenlanguageforthehearingparty,whichissometimesreferredtoasvoiceinterpretingorvoicing.

（8）Mediainterpreting媒体翻译

Byitsverynature,mediainterpretinghastobeconductedinthesimultaneousmode.Itisprovidedparticularlyforlivetelevisioncoveragessuchaspressconferences,liveortapedinterviewswithpoliticalfigures,musicians,artists,sportsmenorpeoplefromthebusinesscircle.Inthistypeofinterpreting,theinterpreterhastositinasound-proofboothwhereideallyhe/shecanseethespeakersonamonitorandtheset.

5.Modesandprocessofprofessionalinterpreting（XiadaModel）

C（SL+K）representsthecomprehension（C）ofthesourcelanguage（SL）whichisfacilitatedbyextra-linguisticorencyclopedicknowledge（K）.Thatcircleliesbehindtheothersbecausethesourcelanguagemessageinitiatesthewholeinterpretingact.

R（TL+K）representsthereformulation（R）inthetargetlanguage（TL）,whichisalsoinformedbyextra-linguisticorencyclopedicknowledge（K）.

A（D+CC）representstheanalysis（A）whichtheinterpreterusesinbothcomprehensionofthemessageandreconstructionofthemessage.Theanalysishastwomaincomponents,discourseanalysis（D）andthecross-culturalunderstanding（CC）.A（D+CC）appliestoboththeothercircles.

Srepresentstheskillsandtechniqueswhichinterpretersinperformingtheirtasksinaprofessionalmanner.

Istandsforinterpreting,ourgoal.

6.Requirementsofacompetentinterpreter

•Astrongsenseofresponsibility

•Asolidfoundationoftwolanguages

•Profoundknowledge

•Goodmemory

•Quickthinking

•Outstandingabilityofunderstanding

•Fluentexpressionofideas