英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx

英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx

《英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx（11页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

专业:

计算机科学与技术学号:

20091508

指导教师姓名:

徐贞顺

北方民族大学教务处制

目录

Historyofcomputing1

Historyofcomputinghardware1

Limited-functionearlycomputers1

Firstgeneral-purposecomputers2

Stored-programarchitecture4

Semiconductorsandmicroprocessors5

计算机的历史6

计算机硬件的历史6

Limited-function早期计算机6

第一次通用计算机7

半导体和微处理器9

Historyofcomputing

Historyofcomputinghardware

Thefirstuseoftheword"

computer"

wasrecordedin1613,referringtoapersonwhocarriedoutcalculations,orcomputations,andthewordcontinuedwiththesamemeaninguntilthemiddleofthe20thcentury.Fromtheendofthe19thcenturythewordbegantotakeonitsmorefamiliarmeaning,amachinethatcarriesoutcomputations.

Limited-functionearlycomputers

TheJacquardloom,ondisplayattheMuseumofScienceandIndustryinManchester,England,wasoneofthefirstprogrammabledevices.

Thehistoryofthemoderncomputerbeginswithtwoseparatetechnologies,automatedcalculationandprogrammability,butnosingledevicecanbeidentifiedastheearliestcomputer,partlybecauseoftheinconsistentapplicationofthatterm.Afewdevicesareworthmentioningthough,likesomemechanicalaidstocomputing,whichwereverysuccessfulandsurvivedforcenturiesuntiltheadventoftheelectroniccalculator,liketheSumerianabacus,designedaround2500BCofwhichadescendantwonaspeedcompetitionagainstamoderndeskcalculatingmachineinJapanin1946,thesliderules,inventedinthe1620s,whichwerecarriedonfiveApollospacemissions,includingtothemoonandarguablytheastrolabeandtheAntikytheramechanism,anancientastronomicalcomputerbuiltbytheGreeksaround80BC.TheGreekmathematicianHeroofAlexandria（c.10–70AD）builtamechanicaltheaterwhichperformedaplaylasting10minutesandwasoperatedbyacomplexsystemofropesanddrumsthatmightbeconsideredtobeameansofdecidingwhichpartsofthemechanismperformedwhichactionsandwhen.Thisistheessenceofprogrammability.

Aroundtheendofthe10thcentury,theFrenchmonkGerbertd'

AurillacbroughtbackfromSpainthedrawingsofamachineinventedbytheMoorsthatansweredeitherYesorNotothequestionsitwasasked.Againinthe13thcentury,themonksAlbertusMagnusandRogerBaconbuilttalkingandroidswithoutanyfurtherdevelopment.

In1642,theRenaissancesawtheinventionofthemechanicalcalculator,adevicethatcouldperformallfourarithmeticoperationswithoutrelyingonhumanintelligence.Themechanicalcalculatorwasattherootofthedevelopmentofcomputersintwoseparateways.Initially,itwasintryingtodevelopmorepowerfulandmoreflexiblecalculatorsthatthecomputerwasfirsttheorizedbyCharlesBabbageandthendeveloped.Secondly,developmentofalow-costelectroniccalculator,successortothemechanicalcalculator,resultedinthedevelopmentbyIntelofthefirstcommerciallyavailablemicroprocessorintegratedcircuit.

Firstgeneral-purposecomputers

In1801,JosephMarieJacquardmadeanimprovementtothetextileloombyintroducingaseriesofpunchedpapercardsasatemplatewhichallowedhisloomtoweaveintricatepatternsautomatically.TheresultingJacquardloomwasanimportantstepinthedevelopmentofcomputersbecausetheuseofpunchedcardstodefinewovenpatternscanbeviewedasanearly,albeitlimited,formofprogrammability.

In1837,CharlesBabbagewasthefirsttoconceptualizeanddesignafullyprogrammablemechanicalcomputer,hisanalyticalengine.LimitedfinancesandBabbage'

sinabilitytoresisttinkeringwiththedesignmeantthatthedevicewasnevercompleted;

neverthelesshisson,HenryBabbage,completedasimplifiedversionoftheanalyticalengine'

scomputingunit（themill）in1888.Hegaveasuccessfuldemonstrationofitsuseincomputingtablesin1906.ThismachinewasgiventotheSciencemuseuminSouthKensingtonin1910.

Inthelate1880s,HermanHollerithinventedtherecordingofdataonamachine-readablemedium.Earlierusesofmachine-readablemediahadbeenforcontrol,notdata."

Aftersomeinitialtrialswithpapertape,hesettledonpunchedcards..."

Toprocessthesepunchedcardsheinventedthetabulator,andthekeypunchmachines.Thesethreeinventionswerethefoundationofthemoderninformationprocessingindustry.Large-scaleautomateddataprocessingofpunchedcardswasperformedforthe1890UnitedStatesCensusbyHollerith'

scompany,whichlaterbecamethecoreofIBM.Bytheendofthe19thcenturyanumberofideasandtechnologies,thatwouldlaterproveusefulintherealizationofpracticalcomputers,hadbeguntoappear:

Booleanalgebra,thevacuumtube（thermionicvalve）,punchedcardsandtape,andtheteleprinter.

Duringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,manyscientificcomputingneedsweremetbyincreasinglysophisticatedanalogcomputers,whichusedadirectmechanicalorelectricalmodeloftheproblemasabasisforcomputation.However,thesewerenotprogrammableandgenerallylackedtheversatilityandaccuracyofmoderndigitalcomputers.

AlanTuringiswidelyregardedasthefatherofmoderncomputerscience.In1936TuringprovidedaninfluentialformalisationoftheconceptofthealgorithmandcomputationwiththeTuringmachine,providingablueprintfortheelectronicdigitalcomputer.Ofhisroleinthecreationofthemoderncomputer,TimemagazineinnamingTuringoneofthe100mostinfluentialpeopleofthe20thcentury,states:

"

Thefactremainsthateveryonewhotapsatakeyboard,openingaspreadsheetoraword-processingprogram,isworkingonanincarnationofaTuringmachine"

.

EDSACwasoneofthefirstcomputerstoimplementthestored-program（vonNeumann）architecture.

DieofanIntel80486DX2microprocessor（actualsize:

12×

6.75mm）initspackaging.

TheAtanasoff–BerryComputer（ABC）wastheworld'

sfirstelectronicdigitalcomputer,albeitnotprogrammable.Atanasoffisconsideredtobeoneofthefathersofthecomputer.Conceivedin1937byIowaStateCollegephysicsprofessorJohnAtanasoff,andbuiltwiththeassistanceofgraduatestudentCliffordBerry,themachinewasnotprogrammable,beingdesignedonlytosolvesystemsoflinearequations.Thecomputerdidemployparallelcomputation.A1973courtrulinginapatentdisputefoundthatthepatentforthe1946ENIACcomputerderivedfromtheAtanasoff–BerryComputer.

Thefirstprogram-controlledcomputerwasinventedbyKonradZuse,whobuilttheZ3,anelectromechanicalcomputingmachine,in1941.ThefirstprogrammableelectroniccomputerwastheColossus,builtin1943byTommyFlowers.

GeorgeStibitzisinternationallyrecognizedasafatherofthemoderndigitalcomputer.WhileworkingatBellLabsinNovember1937,Stibitzinventedandbuiltarelay-basedcalculatorhedubbedthe"

ModelK"

（for"

kitchentable"

onwhichhehadassembledit）,whichwasthefirsttousebinarycircuitstoperformanarithmeticoperation.Latermodelsaddedgreatersophisticationincludingcomplexarithmeticandprogrammability.

Asuccessionofsteadilymorepowerfulandflexiblecomputingdeviceswereconstructedinthe1930sand1940s,graduallyaddingthekeyfeaturesthatareseeninmoderncomputers.Theuseofdigitalelectronics（largelyinventedbyClaudeShannonin1937）andmoreflexibleprogrammabilitywerevitallyimportantsteps,butdefiningonepointalongthisroadas"

thefirstdigitalelectroniccomputer"

isdifficult.Notableachievementsinclude.KonradZuse'

selectromechanical"

Zmachines"

.TheZ3（1941）wasthefirstworkingmachinefeaturingbinaryarithmetic,includingfloatingpointarithmeticandameasureofprogrammability.In1998theZ3wasprovedtobeTuringcomplete,thereforebeingtheworld'

sfirstoperationalcomputer.

Thenon-programmableAtanasoff–BerryComputer（commencedin1937,completedin1941）whichusedvacuumtubebasedcomputation,binarynumbers,andregenerativecapacitormemory.Theuseofregenerativememoryallowedittobemuchmorecompactthanitspeers（beingapproximatelythesizeofalargedeskorworkbench）,sinceintermediateresultscouldbestoredandthenfedbackintothesamesetofcomputationelements.

ThesecretBritishColossuscomputers（1943）,whichhadlimitedprogrammabilitybutdemonstratedthatadeviceusingthousandsoftubescouldbereasonablyreliableandelectronicallyreprogrammable.ItwasusedforbreakingGermanwartimecodes.

TheHarvardMarkI（1944）,alarge-scaleelectromechanicalcomputerwithlimitedprogrammability.

TheU.S.Army'

sBallisticResearchLaboratoryENIAC（1946）,whichuseddecimalarithmeticandissometimescalledthefirstgeneralpurposeelectroniccomputer（sinceKonradZuse'

sZ3of1941usedelectromagnetsinsteadofelectronics）.Initially,however,ENIAChadaninflexiblearchitecturewhichessentiallyrequiredrewiringtochangeitsprogramming.

Stored-programarchitecture

ReplicaoftheSmall-ScaleExperimentalMachine（SSEM）,theworld'

sfirststored-programcomputer,attheMuseumofScienceandIndustryinManchester,England

SeveraldevelopersofENIAC,recognizingitsflaws,cameupwithafarmoreflexibleandelegantdesign,whichcametobeknownasthe"

stored-programarchitecture"

orvonNeumannarchitecture.ThisdesignwasfirstformallydescribedbyJohnvonNeumanninthepaperFirstDraftofaReportontheEDVAC,distributedin1945.Anumberofprojectstodevelopcomputersbasedonthestored-programarchitecturecommencedaroundthistime,thefirstofwhichwascompletedin1948attheUniversityofManchesterinEngland,theManchesterSmall-ScaleExperimentalMachine（SSEMor"

Baby"

）.TheElectronicDelayStorageAutomaticCalculator（EDSAC）,completedayearaftertheSSEM