考研英语语法之三大从句.docx
《考研英语语法之三大从句.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研英语语法之三大从句.docx（20页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。
考研英语语法之三大从句
三大从句
一、定语从句
定语从句，简言之，就是用来做定语的句子，即用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。
这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面，所以我们称之为先行词。
而引导定语从句的连词，叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.
（一）定语从句的先行词
先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。
只有正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分，才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子。
1.一个词（通常是名词，也可以是代词）
Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.
2.一个短语
Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.
3.一个从句
TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe.
4.一个完整的句子
Ascanbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofthiscondition.
Theyareinvitedtothestatebanquet,whichwasagreathonortothem.
（二）引导定语从句的关系词
1.关系代词
关系代词
先行词
关系代词在从句中所作的成分
that
人或物
做主语、宾语或表语
which
物
做主语、动词或介词的宾语
who
人
做主语
whom
人
做宾语
whose
人或物
做定语，相当于先行词所有格
as
人或物或整句话
做主语
ItisaboutYOU,andhowyouperformedandwhatyouaccomplishedinthosepastjobs–especiallythoseaccomplishmentsthataremostrelevanttotheworkyouwanttodonext.
Shehadrecentlyleftajobandhadhelpedherselftocopiesofthecompany’sclientdata,whichsheintendedtodrawuponinstartingherownbusiness.
Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute–agroupofjudges,lawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight–issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.
2.关系副词
关系副词
先行词
关系副词在从句中所作成分
when
表时间的名词
when在从句中做时间状语，
相当于“介词+which”
where
含地点意义的名词，除地点外，还有case,situation,point等
where在从句中做地点状语，
相当于“介词+which”
why
表理由的名词
why在从句中做原因状语，
相当于“forwhich”
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indream,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.
Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.
Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.
（三）定语从句与先行词的隔离
考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句，它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词，而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分。
这时，靠近关系词的名词就不是先行词了，也就是说定语从句与其所修饰的先行词被分隔，这种分隔有以下三种情况。
1.作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句
当修饰一个主语的定语从句很长，而此主语对应的谓语部分很短时，可以将这个定语从句与先行词分割开来放于谓语之后以保持平衡。
这种被分隔的定语从句要注意寻找其对应的先行词，否则很容易出现理解错误。
Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificanswers.
ThetimeisnotfarawaywhenmoderncommunicationswillbecomewidespreadinChina’svastcountryside.
2.先行词+其他定语+定语从句
先行词同时带有多个定语，而其中定语从句比其他定语长，结构也较复杂，此时按照英语尾重原则，把结构复杂的定语从句放在其他定语之后。
Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectlyaffectjuvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythatleadtofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemploymentingeneralmakegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.
3.先行词+状语+定语从句
Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive–thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycompleteideas.
（四）带有插入语的定语从句
有些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”，如Iknow,Ibelieve,heclaimed,theyassume等。
这些主谓结构为插入语，不影响定语从句本身的结构，因而也不构成定语从句的主谓语。
除表示个人观点的主谓结构之外，定语从句的插入语偶尔还有其他结构。
Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,aFunCard,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivities.
Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHanburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.
（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性
非限制性
与先行词关系密切，删掉则影响句子的表达
与先行词关系不密切，删掉不影响句子意思
不用逗号分开
一般用逗号分开
可用关系词代词that
不可用关系代词that
当关系代词在从句中做宾语时可省略
关系代词不可被省略
关系代词可代替（whom做宾语时可用who代替）
关系代词不可代替
Thegirlwho（whom）youtalkedtoismygirlfriend.
Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.
只可修饰先行词，不可修饰主句或主句的一部分
既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时一定用逗号分开，只能由which或as引导
InourschoolthereareeightforeignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.
Inourschoolthereareeightforeignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.
（六）关系代词that与which的区别
1.只能用that的情况
分类
例示
先行词是不定代词all,any,such,one,none,few,afew,little,alittle等，或是由其构成的复合词如something,everything,anything,nothing等
MuchthatIhavereadhasbeennonsense.
先行词被all,any,every,some,（a）few,（a）little,much,no等修饰
Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneed.
先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或theonly/next/same/very等词语修饰
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.
先行词中既包括人又包括物
Peopleandcattleinthevillagethatgotsickshouldbetreated.
2.只能用which的情况
分类
例示
位于介词后的关系代词只能用which，即：
介词+which
Thetotalcultivatedareais13,000acres,ofwhich10,000acresareirrigatedfields.
先行词为those+复数名词（指物）之后通常用which
Livinginthewesternpartofthecountry,thoseproblemswhichwehadtofacenohuge.
引导非限制性定语从句用which
Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestchildthatshewastotheothers,which,ofcourse,madetheothersjealous.
（七）关系代词as
As引导的限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有着根本的不同。
As引导的限制性定语从句知识用在一些固定结构如such…as…，thesame…as中，而as引导的非限制性定语从句则没有这种结构上的要求。
考研英语主要涉及as引导的非限制性定语从句。
1.as引导非限制性定语从句
as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末，一般以逗号与主句分开，用来替代整个主句。
Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.
Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.
TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,asisoftenthecaseinothercountries.
2.as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
区别
例示
非限制性定语从句在句首时，只能用as不能用which
Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.
非限制性定语从句位于主句之后，纯粹表示主句所表述的内容，不带有“如…”的意思时，用which不用as
Theyareinvitedtothestatebanquet,whichwasagreathonortothem.
非限制性定语从句的关系代词值得是先行词本身时，只能用which不能用that
TheWestLake,whichisoneoftheworldfamousscenicspots,isinHangzhou.
3.as引导限制性定语从句
Meltedironispouredintothemixermuchinthesamewayasteaispouredintoacupfromateapot.
Itwasn’tsuchagooddinnerasshehadpromisedus.
Wehadhopedtogiveyouachancesuchasnobodyelseeverhad.
（八）关系副词whereby
相当于bywhich或throughwhich，即表示“介词，凭这个”。
Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.
Heseesthefirm’soutsidestatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forth,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.
（九）关系副词but
当主句有否定意义时，限制性定语从句可以由关系代词but引导，意思相当于who…not,that…not,which…not，起到双重否定的作用。
but只用于限制性定语从句。
Therewasnotonehousebutwasburntdown.
Thereisnomotherbutlovesherownchildren.
（十）介词+关系代词
1.介词与定语从句中的实词构成搭配
Withregardtofuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe–evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight–itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.
Dolphinsmightbetrainedtocooperatewithfishmenandhelpthembyfinding,tracking,herding,orevencatchingfish–inallofwhichactivitiesdolphinsareexpert.
Divorcesetsinmotioneventsoverwhichanindividualhaslittlecontrol,suchasreactionofspousesandchildren,aswellastheuncertaintyofnewrelationship.
2.介词与先行词构成搭配
Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.
3.表所属关系或部分与整体关系时用介词of
Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.
Theyaregroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhichispharmaceuticalcosts.
（十一）定语从句与同位语从句的区别
定语从句对所修饰的名词加以修饰规定，说明其为此人（物）而非彼人（物）。
同位语从句则大多由连接词that引导，常跟在表示事实的抽象名词，如fact,news,information,order,belief,reply,answer,saying等后面，用来解释说明这些词的具体含义与内容。
区别
例示
That在定语从句中必须担当成分，而在同位语从句中不但当成分
Thenewsthattheleaderwillcomehere,isnottrue.
Thenewsthatyoutoldmelastweekisnottrue.
同位语从句在关系词前加is后，句子成立，定语从句则不成立
Thenewsthattheleaderwillcomehereisnottrue.----Thenewsisthattheleaderwillcometrue.√
Thenewsthatyoutoldmelastweekisnottrue.
----Thenewsisthatyoutoldmelastweek.×
练习：
Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglishspeaker
升级会员 