语言学实用教程课后答案Word下载.docx

语言学实用教程课后答案Word下载.docx

《语言学实用教程课后答案Word下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学实用教程课后答案Word下载.docx（97页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

（6）Notallusesoflanguagearemeanttoconveynewinformation.T

Example:

languageusedforphaticcommunionisnotmeanttoconveynewinformation.

■In-ClassActivities

1.ASK:

（1）Whatdoes“language”meanineachofthecontexts?

a.anaturallanguage;

languageinparticular.

b.ahuman-specifictoolforcommunication;

languageingeneral.

c.individualstyleoflanguageuse.

d.ametaphoricalwayofreferringtobees’systemofcommunication.

（2）Isthereanyothercontextinwhichtheuseofthewordmeanssomethingelse?

Yes.Example:

languageforthecomputerlikeC+

2.ASK:

（1）Whatiftherewerenolanguage?

Omit.

（2）Whatiftherewereonlyonelanguagetheworldover?

（3）WhatcanwelearnfromthisBiblestory?

Languageispowerfulasatoolofhumancommunication.

3.ASK:

（1）Doyouthinkthetwostatementsareequallyprobable,andifnot,whynot?

（a）ismorelikelythan（b）,becausethewordasthebasicunitofmeaningthatcanoccurindependentlyinlanguageisfiniteinnumber,whereasthesentenceascomposedofwords,thoughalmostinfiniteinnumber,ismadepossiblebyourknowledgeofvocabularyandgrammar.Wecanalwaysproduceandunderstandsentencesthatwenevercomeacrossbefore.Inthatsense,nosentenceisreallynew.

（2）Inwhatcontextdowemakethesecondstatement?

Whenwefocusourattentiononthemeaningofasentenceorwhenweareconcernedwiththeformofasentenceasfoundinalanguageclass.

4.ASK:

（1）ArethereonomatopoeicwordsinChinese?

Yes.e.g.“哗啦”、“扑通”、“喀嚓”.

（2）Doestheexistenceofonomatopoeicwordsoverthrowtheclaimthatlanguageisarbitrary?

No.Onomatopoeicwordsaccountforaverylimitedpercentageinthevocabularyofalanguage.

5.ASK:

（1）Canonereallyinventalanguageofone’sown?

No.

（2）Ifnot,why?

Alanguagecomesintobeingandusebyconventionoragreementamongitsspeakers.

6.ASK:

（1）Isthereanybasicflawinthisexperiment?

Theprocessisnotstrictlycontrolled.Theremayhavebeensomecoincidence.Thesamplesizeistoosmallfortheexperimenttobevalid.

（2）Doyouthinkwereallycananswerthequestionaboutthebeginningoflanguage?

No,atleastinthepresentconditionwhere/whenwecannotperformexperimentsonthehumanbrain,thekeyorganofspeech.

7.ASK:

（1）Canyouidentifythemostlikelyorder（fromleasttomostadvanced）ofthesesamples?

C→B→A

（2）Whatfeaturesineachchild’sutterancescanyouuseasevidencetosupportyourordering?

ChildA:

goodsyntaxexceptforimproperquestionform.

ChildB:

visibledevelopmentofsyntax;

overgeneralization

ChildC:

Notmuchsyntax;

two-wordutterances;

telegraphicsentences（sentencesthatcontainonlycontentwordsbutlackfunctionwords）

8.ASK:

（1）Itisoftenassumedthatchildrenimitateadultsinthecourseoflanguageacquisition.Canimitationaccountfortheaboveproductiononthepartofthechild?

Notwholly.Thereiscounterevidenceagainsttheassumption,liketheovergeneralization“go-ed”for“went”.

（2）Whatdistinguishesthechild’sproductionfromthatoftheadult?

Overgeneralizationof“-ed”forthepasttenseasshownby“holded”.

9.ASK:

（1）Howdoadultsreinforcetheprocessofchildren’sacquisitionasexemplifiedhere?

Theyuseexplicitcorrection.

（2）Dochildrenknowwhattheyaredoingwrongly?

Notexactly.

（3）Dotheadultssucceedintheirreinforcement?

Notalways,atleast.

（4）Howshouldwetreatthe“mistakes”thatchildrenmakewhileacquiringtheirmothertongue?

Wemayignorethemsometimes,althoughsomeamountofreinforcementmayturnouttobehelpful.

10.ASK:

（1）Dochildrenlearnthroughstructuredorsimplifiedinput,assuggested?

Notalways.Thereisevidenceforbothsides.

（2）Canyouoffersomeexamplesillustrating,representingthewayadultstalktoinfants?

Omit.

Mothereseischaracterizedbyshortersentences,higherpitch,exaggeratedintonation,higherproportionofcontentwordstofunctionwords,simplesyntax,moreinterrogativesandimperatives,morerepetitions.Yetitisnotsyntacticallysimpler.Rather,itmayincludesyntacticallycomplexsentencessuchasquestions:

Doyouwantyourjuicenow?

Embeddedsentences:

Mommythinksyoushouldsleepnow.Imperatives:

Patthedoggently!

Negativeswithtagquestions:

Wedon’twanttohurthim,dowe?

Indeed,itisfortunatethatmothereseisnotsyntacticallyrestricted.Ifitwere,childrenmightnothavesufficientinformationtoextracttherulesoftheirlanguage.

11.ASK

（1）Whatmeasuresdoyousuggestforprotectingdialectsaswellaslanguages?

（2）Doyouthinkthatsomedaypeopleallovertheworldwillspeakonlyonelanguage,orsomedaynodialectwillexist?

Omit.

12.ASK:

Arethereanyuniversalsthatyouthinkalllanguagessharebutarenotmentionedhere?

E.g.Alllanguageshaveinternalstructures.

Alllanguageshavenumericals.

■Exercises

Task3:

StudyQuestions

1.Whatdoyouthinkisessentialtotheemergenceoflanguage?

Theexistenceofsocialactivities;

theneedtoexpressdiverseideas,emotions,etc.;

theneedtocommunicateideastodistantplaces;

etc.

2.Canourpetslearnhumanlanguages?

Whyorwhynot?

No.Theyaregeneticallynotendowedwiththecapacity.

3.Whatroledoesbodylanguageplayinlanguagecommunication?

4.Naturallyoccurring“experiments”withso-called“wolf-children”,“bear-children”,“Mowgli”or“monkey-children”andothersuchferalyoungstershavebeenwidelyreportedforhundredsofyears.Noneofthesechildrencouldspeakorunderstandspeechand,indeed,mosteffortstoteachthemlanguageendedinfailure.Howwouldyouaccountforthefailure?

Thelanguageacquisitiondevicehastobetriggeredbeforeacertainage（thatofpuberty）.Sufficientexposetoalanguageenvironmentattherighttimeisessentialtolanguageacquisition.

5.ThefollowingaresomeinstancesofusingEnglishforcommunication.WhatspecificfunctiondoeseachuseofEnglishserveinthefollowingpictures?

Informative（intheformofcommanding）

Directive（Advertisingintheformofrequesting）

Directive（Persuadingintheformofthreatening）

Directive（Recruiting）

6．Iconicityoflanguageisanaspectoflanguagewhereformechoesmeaning.Onomatopoeia,alsoknownas“soundsymbolism”,isonetypeoficonicity.Someresearchershavefoundotherevidenceoficonicity.Forexample,wordsbeginningwiththesoundcombinationsl-inEnglishoftenhaveanunpleasantsense,asinslithering,slimy,slugs.Herearesomequestions:

a.Isthe“unpleasant”senseactuallytrueofall,orevenmost,wordsbeginningwithsl-inEnglish?

No.e.g.slight.

b.Arethereanyothersoundsorsoundcombinationsthatyouassociatewithparticularmeanings?

Gliding:

slide,slip,slippery;

Rolling:

tumble,crumble,stumble

c.Howaboutthevowelsoundsinwordsthatidentifynear-to-speakerconcepts（this,near,here）versusfar-from-speakerconcepts（that,far,there）?

Whatisthedifference?

IsitageneralpatterndistinguishingtermsforthingsthatarenearversusfarinEnglish?

WhataboutthecaseinChinese?

Frontvowelsfornear-speakerconcepts;

centralorbackvowelsforfar-from-speakerconcepts.ThereseemstobeasimilarkindofpatterninChinese.C.f.近jin/远yuan；

这zhe/那na

7.Inmanyoftheworld’slanguagesthereareso-callednurserynamesforparents.InEnglish,forexample,correspondingtothewordmotheristhenurserynamemama,andforfatheronefindsdadaandpapa.Thereisremarkablesimilarityacrossdifferentlanguagesintheformofthesenurserynamesforparents.Forexample,inChineseandNavajomacorrespondstoEnglishmama.Whydoyouthinkthatthisisthecase?

Bilabialsarelearnedandproducedfirstbecausetheyaretheeasiest.

8.

a.Whataresomeofthechangeswhichappeartohavetakenplaceinthechild’sabilitytouseEnglishduringthatperiod?

Likethebasicallyproperuseofinterrogativesandthecorrectuseofinflection.

b.Whatdothesechangessuggestabouttheorderoflanguageacquisition?

Completesentencesareacquiredlaterthanellipticalones.Inflectionisacquiredatalatestage.

Unit2TheSoundsofEnglish

1.[i:

]and[i]areallophonesofthesamephoneme.F

2.NotallEnglishphonemeshaveallophones.T

//and/j/occurinonesinglepositionandthereforedonothaveallophones.

3.Thesamesetofvowelsisusedinalllanguages.F

4.Allsyllablesmustcontainatleastonevowel.F

Somesyllablesmaycontainnovowels.Theymay,instead,employsomesyllabicconsonant,asinpeopleandmuscle.

5.ThemarkingofwordstressisarbitraryforthemostpartinEnglish.F

6.Englishisatonelanguage.F

Chineseisatonelanguage.

（1）Whatisthephoneticenvironmentof[t]in[pit]?

[i_#]

（2）Arethefollowingpairsofwordsminimalpairs?

（a）deskvs.taskNo.

（b）leavevs.LeakYes.（li:

vvs.li:

k）

2.ASK