Falling of Angel 天使的堕落Word文件下载.docx
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Monster,ExternalCause,InternalCause,ModernWarning.
摘要:
世界著名小说《弗兰肯斯坦》是由英国19世纪女作家玛丽·
雪莱馔写的。
它被称为世界上第一部科幻小说。
从它1818年出版至今,一直被作为哥特式恐怖小说或者科幻小说而备受瞩目。
在这部小说中,作者描写了科学家维克多及其创造物的命运悲剧。
近年来,学者们从多个角度对其进行解读,如:
宗教,女性文学和生态学等。
然而,本文从美国心理学家海德归因理论的外因和内因两个方面出发,探讨怪物从一心地善良的天使沦为邪恶的魔鬼这一堕落的原因,并揭示其对现世人们的警示意义。
关键字:
怪物,外因,内因,现世的警示
Contents
1.Introduction………………………………………………………….…...1
1.1TheIntroductionofFrankenstein…………………………1
1.2TheIntroductionofAttributionTheoryofAmericanPsychologist
1.3F.Heider……………………………………………….….1
2.ExternalCause…………………………………………………………..2
2.1ABriefIntroductionoftheSufferingsofMonster……………...2
2.1.1Frankenstein…………………………………………….....2
2.1.2FamilyEducation……………………………………….....3
2.1.3SocialNeeds……………………………………………....4
2.1.4LossofAffections………………………………………....5
2.1.5AestheticValue…………………………………………....6
3.InternalCause………………………………………………..…….........7
3.1CharacterdefectsofMonster………………………....................7
3.1.1Compulsion………………………………………......8.
3.1.2Jealousy……………………………………………….....8
4.Conclusion………………………………………………………………….9
Workscited
1.Introduction
1.1TheIntroductionofFrankenstein
FrankensteinisawidelyknownfictionbyMaryShelley,theEnglishfemalewriterin19thcentury.Sinceitsfirstpublicationin1818,ithasalreadybeentranslatedintomorethan100languages.Inrecentyears,FrankensteinbecomesahitinEnglishandAmericanliteraturebecausetherearemanyoperasandfilmseditionsadaptedfromtheoriginalnovel.NowadaysFrankensteinbecomesacommonusewhenitisreferredas“apersonwhocreatessomethingthatbringsabouthisruin”alsoiscalledFrankenstein'
smonster“athingthatdestroysitscreator”
ThestorywasplacedinEurope.TheyoungscientistVictorFrankensteindiscoveredthemysteryofhumanbodyandcreatedastrangebeing,anuglymonsterofgiganticstaturebyusingcorpses.However,Victorwassoshocked,disgustfulandunabletoenduretheuglyappearanceofthemonsterafterthebirthofthemonsterthathelefthimwithgreathateandaversion.Sincethen,themonsteralonewalkedintoacomplicatedandcomplexworld,whereofpeoplearoundtheworld,someattackedhim,somethrewstonesandmanyotherkindsofmissileweapons.So,sufferingalotintheworld,themonster,inangeranddespair,begantorevoltandrevengeonhiscreator-victor.Intheend,boththemonsterandhiscreatordiedtogetherafteraseriesoftragedies.
F.Heider
Attributiontheoryisconcernedwiththewaysinwhichpeopleexplainthebehaviorofothers.Itexploreshowindividuals"
attribute"
causestoeventsandhowthiscognitiveawarenessaffectstheirmotivation.AmericanpsychologistF.HeideristhefounderofAttributionTheory.FromHeider’spointofview,behaviorisdividedintotwotypes:
ExternalCausesandInternalCauses.Allbehaviorsarealltheresultofexternalandinternalcauses.Therefore,thisthesisisgoingtoanalyzethedegenerationofthemonsterbymeansofexternalandinternalcausesinordertomakeamorecompleteandobjectanalysis.
2.ExternalCauses
2.1ABriefIntroductionoftheSufferingsofMonster
Externalcausesmeancausalityisassignedtoanoutsidefactor,agent,orforce,suchasexternalpressures,socialnorms,peerpressure,accidentsoftheenvironment,actsofGod,randomchance,etc.ItisalsocalledSituationalAttribution.
Whenthemonstercameintobirth,hewasaspureasasheetofpaper.Howeverthevariousillsoflifeturnedhimintoacold-heartedandcruelkiller:
hiscreatorabandonedhim;
peoplearoundtheworlddiscriminatedandrepelledhim;
evensomerewardedhisgoodnessandkindnesswithevil.Finally,themonsterhadnochoicebuttoturntohiscreatorforhelp,hopingthathecreatedafemininecompanionforhimsothathecouldgetridofloneliness.Butthiswishstillcollapsed.Bornintheworldandlivingintheworldshouldbeablessingbutamisfortunetothemonster.Thebigworldbroughtruintohisoncebeautifulexpectations,corruptedtheinnocentsoulofhimandforcedhimtomovetowardswickednessstepbystep.
2.1.1Frankenstein
ThefirstonetoblameforthedegenerationofthemonsteristhescientistVictorFrankenstein.Inordertoresearchscienceandpursuehisdream,Victordecidedtousecorpsestocreateanewlife.
“Asthesmallnessofthepartsformedagreatobstacletomyspeed,Iresolvedtomakethebeingofagiganticstatureabouteightfeetinheight”
However,whenthecreaturemadebyvictorstoodinfrontofhim,whathefeltatthattimewasnotsurpriseandjoy,buthorrorandaversion.ThenVictorlefthimandlethimrunhisowncourse.Whatamiseryitistoanew-bornandlonelycreatureonabrand-newandstrangeworld!
Themonster,whowasbroughttothisworld,knewanddistinguishednothing.Unexpectedly,whatwelcomedhimfirstshouldbehisfather’sabandonment.Everyoneintheworldallneedsfamilies’love,especiallychildren.However,thecreator---thefatherofthemonsterevenhatedhischild,howdootherstreatthemonster?
“Whydidyouformamonstersohorriblethatevenyouturnedfrommeindisgust?
“You,mycreator,abhorme,whathopecanIgatherfromyourfellowcreatures”
Hegavenewlifetothemonster,buthe,asafather,didn’tgivehimgoodconcernlikeanyotherfathers.Instead,itwashethatcruellyputinnocentmonsterintocomplicatedsociety,whereapersonisverylikelytofallintoawrongpath.Withoutfather’scareandfamily’swarmness,itiseasyforthemonstertobeevil.Therefore,thedegenerationofthemonsterhasmuchtodowiththescientistVictorFrankensteinwhogavehimlifebutnevernurturedhim.
2.1.2FamilyEducation
Family,asthefirstclassthataffectsindividualsocialization,playsanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofchildren,particularlyparents’educationandinfluenceonchildren.Familyisthefirstschoolinone’slife,whileparentsarechildren’sfirstteacher.Theyarenotonlyaproviderofmaterialgoodsandmentalsupporttotheirchildren,butalsoarolemodel.Whatparentsdoorsaywillhaveagreatinfluenceontheirchildren.
New-bornlivesareallthesame,butwitheducationbeingconducted,theyaregraduallydifferentfromonetoanother.Somemaybeajudgewhilesomemaybeacriminal.Soitisimportantforchildrentoacceptfamilyeducation.Childrenespeciallyintheformingoftheirmentalareeasilyaffectedbyoutsidefactors.Andthisistherighttimethatparentsperformtheirroles.Iffamilyeducationisnotadequate,correctorevencarriedout,itwillresultinveryseriousresultsforchildren.
Itisthoughtthatbeingintoawrongroad,degenerationandevencrimeofteenagershave
muchtodowiththeirfamilyeducation.Accordingtodistrictpeople’scourt,thecasesofminoroffendersresultingfromthelossoffamilysupervisionandeducationaccountfor70%injuvenilecrime.
Whenthemonstercametotheworld,thewholethoughtofhimiscompletelyblank.And
heisignorantanddulljustlikeapurelynaturalmannotcarvedbyoutsideworld.Heknewnothingabouttheworldhewasin:
hedidn’tknowwhatpeoplesaid,thathowtocommunicatewithothers,howtofillhisbellyandmakeafireandevenforsnow,hehadnoidea,either.Thisisacriticalmomentwhenhisvalues,lifevaluesandworldvaluesextremelyneedtobemouldandguided.However,hisfather—Victordiscardedhim,escapingthedutiesandresponsibilityheshouldbearasafather.Whenthemonsterisbadlyinneedofeducationandguidance,victor,afather,gavehimnotearnestinstructionandshieldandgoodeducationofwarmfamily,butheartlesshatredandabandon,pushinghimintoaworldfulloflure.Itisratherdifficultforthemonster,althoughheisbiggerthanothers,underthiseducationalenvironment,tokeepwhathewasandbefreefromseducement.Naturally,themonsterbehavedfreelyandwantonlywithoutrestraint.Evenifhewasdoingthewrongthings,therewasnoonetotellhimandhelphimtocorrectsothathewasslowlyreducedtobeevil.
2.1.3SocialNeeds
Humanbeingsareunityofnaturalentityandsocialentity.Asanindividualofsocialentity,onehasnotonlyphysiologicalneedsbutalsosocialneeds.Themostfundamentaldifferencebetweenhumanbeingsandanimalsishumansociality,whichdecidesthatmanexistsanddevelopsinthecommunicativepraxisactivities.Societyiscomposedofindividualsandeachindividualbelongstosociety.Societyguaranteesthesurvivalanddevelopmentofindividuals.Noonecanlivealonewithoutsocietyandothers.Thatis,onemustliveintheextensivesocialinteractionnet,fromwhichhecanacquirematerialneedsandspiritualneedsheisinneedofforlife.Therefore,eachindividualhasbothsocialneedsandgroupneeds,hopingtobuildrelationshipwithgroups