范本论文正文关于中英亲属关系的翻译.docx

范本论文正文关于中英亲属关系的翻译.docx

《范本论文正文关于中英亲属关系的翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《范本论文正文关于中英亲属关系的翻译.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

范本论文正文关于中英亲属关系的翻译

ChapterOne

INTRODUCTION

Itisusuallyagreedthattranslationisnotonlyalanguagetransfer,butalsoaculturetransfer.Itisnecessaryfortranslatorstoknowhowtotranslatekinshipterms.Theyhavetounderstandwhatkinshipmeansininterpersonalrelationshipwhentheytranslateapieceofworkandwhichtypeofkinshipculturethebackgroundcommunityfallsinto.Theirunderstandingofsuchkinshipcultureisquiteconductivetothecomprehensionofthewholework.

SothispaperfocusesonthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseakinshiptermsandthestrategiesfortranslatingkinshiptermssincekinshipterms,aspartoflanguage,areusuallyculturally-loaded.AndowingtothedeepinfluenceofChineseandEnglishcultures,translationofkinshipterms,especiallyfromChinesetoEnglish,isofgreatimportancetoculturaltranslation.Withabriefassessmentmadeonthetranslationofthekinshipterms,thepaperaimstorevealthesignificanceofapropertranslationofthekinshiptermsinbridgingthegapbetweenChinesecultureandEnglishculture.

ChapterTwo

PREVIOUSSTUDIESONENGLISHANDCHINESEKINSHIPTERMS

Thewayweaddresspeopleisamatterofgreatimportanceinmostcultures.Theaddressingtermsarethetermsusedtoshowtherelationshipsbetweenpeopleortodistinguishtheiridentity,socialstatusandcareer.

Theappellationappliedinthefeudalsocietycandistinguishtheelderfromtheyounger,theworshippedfromthehumble,theintimatefromthedistantandthetruebornfromthebaseborn.Itcanmakeallthetiesamongallthepeoplewithbloodlinksclear-cutandsystematic.It’sanecessarymeanstomaintainthefeudalpatriarchalclansystemandthehierarchicalsystem.（Li）

InLongmanDictionaryofcontemporaryEnglish,theaddressingtermsaredefinedas“Thecorrecttitlesorexpressionsofpolitenesstobeusedtosomeoneinspeechorwriting”（11）.Thatmeansthattheaddresstermscanbemeantfortitles,butcanalsobeappliedtoshowone’spolitenessincommunication.However,thisdefinitiondoesnotincludepersonalnamesandpronouns.

Atpresent,innearlyeverybookexpoundingtranslationandculture,wecanfindmanypapesdevotedtothetranslaitionofappellations,butmostofthemcompareappellationsbetweenSLandTLsuperficiallyandtranslatethematthelexicallevel.Fewhavegonedeeperandmorecomprehensiveinexploringtheculturalrootandthedynamicprocessinthetranslationofappellations.Forexample,QueYininherarticle“ApproachesofCulturalTanslationfromtheCmparisonofChineseandEnglishKinshipterms”arguesthatforeignizationshouldbetheprinciplefortranslatingkinshiptermswhile姓名inhisarcle“文章名“holdsthatdomesticationshouldbeadoptedastheprinciple.However,whetherforeignizationordomesticationshouldbeapplieddependsonthecontextinwhichthekinshiptermappearsandalsoonthepurposeofthetranslationitself.Infact,foreignizationanddomesticationareinseparableandconplementaryintranslationandtheyshouldbeemployedflexibley.

ChapterThree

ENGLISHANDCHINESEKINSHIPTERMS

3.1AnOverviewofEnglishandChineseKinshipTerms

BothEnglishandChineselanguagehavetheirownkinshipterminologysystem,asetoftermsusedtorefertokin.Kinshipisthemostbasicprincipleoforganizingindividualsintosocialgroups,roles,andcategories.Someformoforganizationbasedonparentageandmarriageispresentinbothsocieties.Althoughinmodernindustrialcommunities,familystructureshavebeenweakenedbythedominanceofthemarketeconomyandtheprovisionofstateorganizedsocialserviced.InEnglishandChinesesocieties,thenuclearfamilyhouseholdisstillthefundamentalinstitutionresponsibleforrearingchildrenandorganizingconsumption,persistingfromgenerationtogenerationasa“socialfact”.Peopleinsuchrelationshipsystemlinktoeachotherthroughvariationsonbiologicalthemes.Theybothemphasizestherole-governednatureofkinrelationshipsaswellasthegreaterauthorityoftheolderrelative.

Whateverthelanguagesare,kinshipsystemsallmakeuseofsuchfactorsassex,age,generation,bloodandmarriageintheirsociety.ThishasledtosimilaritiesinkinshipsystemsChinesecultureandwesterncultureshare.WecanfindanumberofequivalentkinshiptermsinEnglishandinChinese.Thatistosay,afewbasickinshiptermssharethesamesemanticconstantsinthesetwolanguages.InbothEnglishandChinesekinshipsystem,kinshiptermsdistinguishbetweensexes,e.g.,thedifferencebetweenabrotherandasister,andbetweengenerations,e.g.,thedifferencebetweenachildandaparent.Moreover,boththetwokinshipsystemsdistinguishbetweenrelativesbybloodandmarriage.Forexample,fatherandfather-in-lawdifferinthatfather-in-lowisanaffine,i.e.,arelativebymarriage.Inthetwolanguages,consanguineousrelationisdefinedasbiologicalandsymbolizedbyblood.Theybothagreethat“bloodisthickerthanwater”,whichemphasizesthekinshiprelationscreatedbybloodratherthanmarriage.

3.2DifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseKinshipTerms

BetweenEnglishandChineselanguange,onlyafewbasicrelationssuchasfatherandmother,husbandandwife,sonanddaughter,bearthesamesemanticcontentsthatcanbeexpressedinsimilarkinshipterms.MostoftheChinesetermshavenoequivalentsintheEnglishlanguage.ThedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesekinshipsystemsseemgreat.Fromthetablesinlastpart,wecanconcludethatEnglishandChinesekinshipsystemsdifferintwomajoraspects:

relativeagewithinthesamegenerationinahorizontalrelationshipandconsanguinealvsaffinalrelationsinbothhorizontalandverticalrelationships.Iwillgointodetailstoillustratethedifferencesandfindoutthedeepcausethedifferencescomeout.

3.2.1Differenceinpaternalandmaternalrelations

Chinesekinshipisagnatic,emphasizingpatrilineality,whileEnglishoneisnot.

ForEnglishpeople,thesamekinshiptermisemplotedtoaddressrelationsofthesamesexandwithinthesamesexandwithinthesamegenerationwhetheritisapaternalrelationorameternalrelaton.Thusgrandfatherisforbothfather’sfatherandmother’sfather.Father’sbrotherandmother’sbrotherarebothuncles.

Onthecontrary,theChineselanguageconsidersthedifferencesbetweenpaternalandmaternalrelationsseriously.ThedifferencesmeanalottoChinesepeopleanddeterminetherealrelationships,nearordistant,insideoroutside,betweenrelatives.ThereforeinChinese,therearedifferenttermsforone’spaternalandmaternalrelations.Paternalgrandfatherandgrandmotherarecalles“zufu（祖父）”and“zumu（祖母）”respectively,whilematernalgrandfatherandgrandmotherarecalled“waizufu（外祖父）”and“waizumu（外祖母）”respectively.“Wai（外）”inChineseliterallymeans“outside”or“distant”,whichsuggeststhatthisverticalrelationshipbetweengenerationsisnotonlyrelatedpurelybyblood,butcertainexternalfactorssuchasmarriage.Thesameistruewiththetermsforgrandchildren.Son’ssonanddaughterarecalled“sunzi（孙子）”and“sunnv（孙女）”,whiledaughter’sonanddaugtershouldbecalledwiththewordwai,i.e.,“waisun（外孙）”and“waisunnv（外孙女）”,whichimpliesthemarrieddaughter,isanoutsiderofthefamilyandherchilerenareoutsiders,too.Usually,maternalrelationsarelesspowerfulandnotsocloseaspaternalrelationsinChinesefamilystructure.

InEnglishkinshipsystem,ageisnotacriterionindistinguishingpersonalrelationshipsorgroupingkinshipterms.Withinthesamegeneration,acertaintermmaycoverdifferentrelationshipsregardlessofage.ItisquitecommoninEnglishtosay,“Sheismysister,”whethersheisolderoryoungerthan“I”.Onlywhennecessarydoesonesay,“Sheismyelderoryoungersister”toemphasizetherelativeage.

UnliketheEnglishlanguage,ageinChineselanguageisaveryimportantfactorintheorangizationofzhekinshipsystem.Specifictermsareusedtoaddressdifferentrelationsinaccordancewiththeirdifferentages.Atypicalexampleisthekinshipterms“bofu（伯父）”and“shufu（叔父）”.Theformerisusedtoaddressone’sfather’selderbrother,whilethelatterisforone’sfather’syoungerbrother.Chinesepeoplecannevergetconfusedabouttheirkinshiprelationswiththeothermember.Forexample,ifone’sfatherhasmorethanoneelderandyoungerbrothers,thenhecancallthemwithordinalnumbersprefixingtotheseterms,respectively,“firstbofu（大伯父）,secondbofu（二伯父）,orfirstshushu（大叔叔）,secondshushu（二叔叔）”,etc.

3.2.2Differenceintermsofsex

Generally,speakingofdimensionofsex,Engishkinshipsystemdoeshavethestrictdistinction.However,thereisanexception.“Cousin”wastakentomeanacollateralrelationmoredistantthanabrotherorsister,whichleavesscopeforthewordreferringtojustaboutanyonewhoisnotasiblingorinthedirectbloodline.InEnglish,cousin,carryingnosemanticmeaningofsex,bloodormarrisge,coversasmanyassixteenrelations.Thus,itisnotclearfromtheworditselftodiscemwhetherone’scousinisamaleorafemale,orwhetherhe/sheisapaternalormaternalrelation,oraconsanguinealoraffinalone.Itcanbeappliedtobothmalesanffemales.Aimilarly,inoldEnglish,theword“niece”wasnotalwayssopreciseinmeaning;backinthe1500sitreferredtoanyfemalerelativeoutsidetheimmediatefamily.Itcouldhavebeenusedtorefertoagrandaughter.

ButinChinesecousinsfallintotwocategoriesandhavedifferentlabels:

withconsanguinealrelationwehavethelabelof“tang（堂）”,whilewithaffinalrelationwehavethelabelof“biao（表）”,whichliterallymeans“outsi