大学英语听力教程第册听力原文第二版张民伦主编Word格式文档下载.docx
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2.EnvironmentalissuesswelltothefullinBerlinthisweek,fortheUNsponsoredconferenceonglobalwarmingandclimatechangeisthefirstsuchmeetingsincetheRiosummitthreeyearsago.WithscientistsandgovernmentsnowgenerallyreadytoacceptthattheearthclimateisbeingaffectedbyemissionsofCO2andothergreenhousegases,overahundredcountriesaresendingdelegations.ButhowmuchprogresshasbeenmadeimplementingthegreenhousegasreductiontargetagreedonatRio?
SimonDaryreports.
Part2TheEarthatrisk
(1)
I:
BrianCowlesistheproducerofanewseriesofdocumentariescalled"
TheEarthatRisk"
whichcanbeseenonChannel4laterthismonth.Eachprogramdealswithadifferentcontinent,doesn'
tit,Brian?
B:
That'
sright.WewenttoAmerica,bothNorthandSouthandthenwewentovertoAfricaandSouth-EastAsia.
Andwhatdidyoufindineachofthesecontinents?
StartingwithAfrica,ourfilmshowstheimpactofthepopulationontheenvironment.Generallyspeaking,thishascausedtheSaharaDeserttoexpand.It'
sabitofaviciouscirclewefind.Peoplecutdowntreesforfirewoodandtheirdomesticanimalseatalltheavailableplants—andsoconsequentlytheyhavetomovesouthastheSaharaDesertexpandsfurthersouth.Imean,soonthewholeofMaliwillbecomeadesert.AndinEastAfrica:
herethegrasslandsaresupportingtoomanyanimalsandtheresultis,ofcourse,there'
snograss—nothingfortheanimalstoeat.
Isee.AndthenextfilmdealswithNorthAmerica?
sright.IntheUSA,asyouknow,intensiveagriculturerequiresaplentifulsupplyofrainforthesecropstogrow;
Imeanifthereisn'
tenoughrainthecropsdon'
tgrow.Andgrowingcropsstabilizesoil,withoutthemthetopsoiljustblowsaway.Thisisalsotrueforanyregionthatisintenselyfarmed—mostofEurope,forexample.
AndwhatdidyoufindinSouthAmerica?
InSouthAmerica(asinCentralAfricaandSouthernAsia)tropicalforestsarebeingcutdownatanalarmingrate.ThisisdonesothatpeoplecansupportthemselvesbygrowingfoodortocreaterancheswherecattlecanberaisedtobeexportedtoEuropeorAmericaastinnedmeat.Theproblemisthatthesoilissopoorthatonlyacoupleofharvestsarepossiblebeforethisverythinsoilbecomesexhausted.Anditcan'
tbefedwithfertilizerslikeagriculturallandinEurope.Forexample,inBrazilin1982anareaofjunglethesizeofBritainandFrancecombinedwasdestroyedtomakewayforanironoremine.HugenumbersoftreesarebeingcutdownforexportsashardwoodtoJapan,Europe,USAtomakethingslikeluxuryfurniture.Theseforestscan'
tbereplaced—theforestsoilisthinandunproductiveandinjustafewyears,ajunglehasbecomeawasteland.Tropicalforestscontainrareplants(whichwecanuseformedicines,forexample)andanimals—oneanimalorplantspeciesbecomesextincteveryhalfhour.Theseforesttreesalsohaveworldwideeffects.Youknow,theyconvertcarbondioxideintooxygen.Theconsequenceofdestroyingforestsisnotonlythattheclimateofthatregionchanges(becausethereislessrainfall)butthischangeaffectsthewholeworld.Imean,overhalftheworld'
srainforesthasbeencutdownthiscentury.
Part3TheEarthatrisk
(2)
SectionA
So,Brian,wouldyouagreethatwhatwegenerallythinkofasnaturaldisastersareinfactman-made?
Yes,byandlarge.Imean,obviouslynothurricanesorearthquakes,buttakeflooding,forexample.Practicallyeveryyear,thewholeofBangladeshisfloodedandthisisgettingworse.Youknow,thecauseisthatforestshavebeencutdownupinNepalandIndia,Imeanhigherup-riverintheHimalayas.Treeswouldholdrainfallintheirroots,butifthey'
vebeencutdownalltherainthatfallsinthemonsoonseasonflowsstraightintotheriverGangesandfloodsthewholecountry.ThereasonforfloodinginSudanisthesame—theforestshigheruptheBlueNileinEthiopiahavebeendestroyedtoo.
Well,thisallsoundsterriblydepressing.Um...Whatistobedone?
Imean,cananythingbedone,infact?
Yes,ofcourseitcan.First,thenationalgovernmentshavetobeforward-lookingandconsidertheresultsoftheirpoliciesintenortwentyyears,notjustthinkasfaraheadasthenextelection.Somehow,allthecountriesintheworldhavetoworktogetheronaninternationalbasis.Secondly,thepopulationhastobecontrolledinsomeway:
therearetoomanypeopletryingtoliveofftoolittleland.Thirdly,wedon'
tneedtropicalhardwoodtomakeourfurniture—it'
saluxurypeopleintheWestmustdowithout.Softwoodsarejustasgood,lessexpensiveandcanbeproducedonenvironment-friendly"
treefarms"
wheretreesarereplacedatthesameratethattheyarecutdown.
And,presumably,educationisimportantaswell.Peoplemustbeeducatedtorealizetheconsequencesoftheiractions?
Yes,ofcourse.
Well,thankyou,Brian.
So,Brian,wouldyouagreethatwhatwegenerallythinkofas...er...aser...naturaldisastersareinfactman-made?
Yes,byandlarge...er...Imean,obviouslynothurricanesorearthquakes,buttakeflooding,forexample.Imean,practicallyeveryyear,thewholeofBangladeshisfloodedandthisisgettingworse.Youknow,thecauseisthatforestshavebeencutdownupinNepalandIndia...Imean...higherup-riverintheHimalayas.Trees...er...wouldholdrainfallintheirroots,butifthey'
vebeencutdownalltherainthatfallsinthemonsoonseasonflowsstraightintotheriverGangesandfloodsthewholecountry.ThereasonforfloodinginSudanisthesame—theforestshigheruptheBlueNileinEthiopiahavebeendestroyedtoo.
Part4Theworldiswarmingup.
Weknowthisbecauseaveragetemperaturesarethehighestsincescientistsstartedmeasuringthem600yearsago.Theincreaseisabout0.2℃everyyear.Thismayseemveryslight,butweknowthatslightchangesintemperaturecanhaveabigeffectonotherthings.Mostscientistsnowbelievethisglobalwarmingisduetohumanactivity.
JeffJenkinsisheadofBritain'
sClimatePredictionCenter.Heexplainshowglobalwarmingcanhappen.
"
Sunlightstrikestheearthandwarmsitup.Atthesametimeheatleavestheearth,butpartofthatistrappedbycarbondioxideandothergasesintheearth'
satmosphere.Thathasbeenhappeningeversincetheearthwasformed.Butthefearisthatincreasingamountsofcarbondioxideproducedbyindustrialprocessesandtransportandsoonwillleadtoagreaterwarmingoftheearth'
ssurface.Sothat'
stheglobalwarmingthatpeopleareconcernedabout."
Peoplearemostconcernedabouttheuseoffossilfuels.Fossilfuelsareoil,coal,woodandsoon.Whentheseburn,theyproducethegascarbondioxide.Manyscientistsagreethatanincreaseintheamountofcarbondioxideandsomeofthegasesintheatmospherewillincreasetheamountofwarming.Computersarebeingusedtopredictwhatthismaymean.Theyshowedthattherecouldbegreatchangesinrainfallandtheriseinthesealevelasicecapsinthenorthandsouthpolesmelt.ThiscouldhaveaseriouseffectonagricultureaccordingtoProf.MartinPerryofUniversityCollegeinLondon.Hesaysitcouldbecomemoredifficulttogrowfoodinthetropicsatlowerlatitudesnearertotheequator.
"
Themostclearpatternemergingisthepossibilityofreducedpotentialproductioninlowerlatituderegions,andmostgenerallyspeaking,increasedpotentialinhigherlatituderegions.Lowerlatituderegionsarealreadywarm,toputitextremelysimply,andplantstherearequiteneartheirlimitsofheatanddroughtstress.Anincreaseintemperatureorreductioninmoisturewouldplacelimitsoncropgrowth."
Woman:
Globalwarmingcouldreducefoodproductioninlowerlatituderegions.Lowerlatituderegionsarealreadywarm.Globalwarmingcouldputmorestressonplansandplacelimitsoncropgrowth.
Foodproductionisonlyoneareathatcouldbeaffected.Therecouldalsobehealthandsocialproblems.Prof.AntonyMacMichaeloftheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicinebelievesthatsomeruralareasarealreadysuffering.Andtheinsectsandbacteriacouldspreaddiseasemoreeasily.
Alreadyanumberofruralpopulationsaroundtheworldaresufferingfromthedeclineofagriculturalsystems.Climatechangewouldaddtothis.Andwewouldexpectthatitwouldacceleratethefloodofenvironmentalrefugeesaroundtheworld.Butitincludesnotjustthefoodproductionsystems,butthepatternsofdistributionofinsectsandinfectiveagentsaroundtheworld.Itincludeslikelyeffectsonpatternsofhear-relatedfoodpoisoning,watercontaminationanddiarrheadiseases,lotsofthingslikethisthatwouldrespondsensitivelytochangesinclimate."
Globalwarmingcouldaffectthedistributionofinsects.Globalwarmingcouldchangepatternsofheat-relatedfoodpoisoning.
Manycountriesnowagreethatsomethingmustbedonetoreducethedangerofglobalwarming.Butaworldw