hightemperature highpressure PARR reactor is proposed for optimizing the extraction of phenolic.docx

hightemperature highpressure PARR reactor is proposed for optimizing the extraction of phenolic.docx

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hightemperaturehighpressurePARRreactorisproposedforoptimizingtheextractionofphenolic

Brassinosteroid:

abiotechnologicaltargetforenhancingcropyieldandstresstolerance  ReviewArticle

NewBiotechnology,Volume26,Issues3-4,31October2009,Pages131-136

UdayK.Divi,PritiKrishna

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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Brassinosteroids（BRs）areagroupofnaturallyoccurringplantsteroidalcompoundswithwiderangingbiologicalactivity.BecauseBRscontrolseveralimportantagronomictraitssuchasfloweringtime,plantarchitecture,seedyieldandstresstolerance,thegeneticmanipulationofBRbiosynthesis,conversionorperceptionoffersauniquepossibilityofsignificantlyincreasingcropyieldsthroughbothchangingplantmetabolismandprotectingplantsfromenvironmentalstresses.GeneticmanipulationofBRactivityhasindeedledtoincreasesincropyieldby20–60%,confirmingthevalueoffurtherresearchonBRstoimproveproductivity.

ArticleOutline

Introduction

BRsignaling

BRbiosynthesisgenes

EngineeringBRlevelsandsensitivitytoincreaseyield

EngineeringBRlevelstoincreasestresstolerance

Futuredirections

Acknowledgements

References

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127

Serenoarepens:

TheScientificBasisfortheTreatmentofBenignProstaticHyperplasia  ReviewArticle

EuropeanUrologySupplements,Volume8,Issue13,December2009,Pages887-893

FouadK.Habib

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Abstract

Context

Medicaltherapiesderivedfromnaturalsourceshavebeenusedforcenturies.Manyareaseffectiveassyntheticmedications.Theuseofplant-derivedmedicationsforbenignprostatichyperplasia（BPH）isnoexception.Inparticular,extractsofSerenoarepens（SrE）,thefruitoftheAmericandwarfpalm,arewidelyavailable,andtheiruseisrisingthroughouttheworld.

Objective

TheunderlyingbasisforSrEpopularitystemsfromitssafetyandtolerabilityprofile.However,despiteitsextensiveuse,itsmechanismofactionhasnotbeendefinitelyclarified.Inthispaper,weanalysethescientificbasisforSrEefficacyinthetreatmentofBPHandexplorethemechanismsbywhichitseffectsareinduced.

Evidenceacquisition

ThisliteraturereviewfocusesontheactionsofthelipidosterolicSrEonahostoftargets.Severalcellularandmoleculartechniqueshavebeenusedtocharacterisethebiologicpathwaysthatmaymediatetheseactions.MorphologicstudieshavebeencarriedouttoidentifythechangesofprostateultrastructureandtodeterminemodificationsthatmayshedlightonthemechanismsunderlyingSrEefficacy.

Evidencesynthesis

SelectivityoftheactionofSrEfortheprostatehasbeendemonstrated.Thereareseveralmorphologicchanges,andtheseareaccompaniedbyanincreaseintheapoptoticindexofthegland,alongwithinhibitionoftheactivityofthe5α-reductaseisoenzymes.Thedrugalsoactsonanumberofotherbiologicsystemsandshowsacapacitytomoderatetheandrogenic,apoptotic,andinflammatorypathwaysofthecell.Thesepathwayshavebeenimplicatedinthehyperplasticprocess.

Conclusions

TheinteractionbetweenprostatecellsandSrEismanifestatseverallevelsofthegland'sbiologicalspectrumandresultsinantiandrogenic,anti-inflammatory,andproapoptoticeffects.TheseeffectsmayaccountforthebeneficialresponsetriggeredinsomepatientswithBPHtreatedwithSrE.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Evidenceacquisition

3.Evidencesynthesis

3.1.OrganspecificityofSerenoarepens

3.2.AntiandrogenicactivitiesofSerenoarepens

3.3.Anti-inflammatorypropertiesofSerenoarepens

3.4.TheproapoptoticcharacteristicsofSerenoarepens

3.5.AreallbrandsofSerenoarepensequal?

4.Conclusions

Conflictsofinterest

Fundingsupport

References

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TakeHomeMessage

Serenoarepens（sawpalmetto）extractsarecomplexmixturesofcompoundsthatactsimultaneouslyonseveralbiologicpathwaysknowntobeassociatedwiththedevelopmentofbenignprostatichyperplasia（BPH）inman.ReversaloftheprohyperplasticpathwaysbythedrugaccountsforitsclinicalefficacyinthetreatmentofBPH.

128

Thefateandtoxicityoftheflavonoidsnaringeninandformononetininsoil  OriginalResearchArticle

SoilBiologyandBiochemistry,Volume40,Issue2,February2008,Pages528-536

LizJ.Shaw,JohnE.Hooker

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Abstract

Theflavonoidclassofplantsecondarymetabolitesplayamultifunctionalroleinbelow-groundplant–microbeinteractionswiththeirbestknownfunctionassignalsinthenitrogenfixinglegume–rhizobiasymbiosis.Flavonoidsenterrhizospheresoilasaresultofrootexudationandsenescencebutlittleisknownabouttheirsubsequentfateorimpactsonmicrobialactivity.Therefore,thepresentstudyexaminedthesorptivebehaviour,biodegradationandimpactondehydrogenaseactivity（asdeterminedbyiodonitrotetrazoliumchloridereduction）oftheflavonoidsnaringeninandformononetininsoil.Organiccarbonnormalisedpartitioncoefficients,log Koc,of3.12（formononetin）and3.19（naringenin）wereestimatedfromsorptionisothermsand,aftercomparisonwithliteraturelog Kocvaluesforcompoundswhosesoilbehaviourisbettercharacterised,thetestflavonoidsweredeemedtobemoderatelysorbed.Naringenin（spikedat50 μg g−1）wasbiodegradedwithoutadetectablelagphasewithconcentrationsreducedto0.13±0.01 μg g−1attheendofthe96 htimecourse.Biodegradationofformononetinproceededafteralagphaseof

24 hwithconcentrationsreducedto4.5±1%ofthesterilecontrolafter72 h.Mostprobablenumber（MPN）analysisrevealedthatpriortotheadditionofflavonoids,thesoilcontained5.4×106 MPN g−1（naringenin）and7.9×105 MPN g−1（formononetin）catabolicmicrobes.Formononetinconcentrationhadnosignificant（p>0.05）effectonsoildehydrogenaseactivity,whereasnaringeninconcentrationhadanoverallbutnon-systematicimpact（p=0.045）.Theseresultsarediscussedwithreferencetolikelytotalandbioavailableconcentrationsofflavonoidsexperiencedbymicrobesintherhizosphere.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Materialsandmethods

2.1.Soilandflavonoids

2.2.Constructionofflavonoidsorptionisotherms

2.3.Flavonoidbiodegradation

2.4.Mostprobablenumberdeterminations

2.5.Dehydrogenaseassay

2.6.Highperformanceliquidchromatography（HPLC）

3.Results

3.1.Adsorptionisotherms

3.2.Biodegradationandmostprobablenumberanalysis

3.3.Naringeninandformononetinimpactsondehydrogenaseactivity

4.Discussion

4.1.Sorption

4.2.Biodegradationofnaringeninandformononetin

4.3.Toxicity

5.Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Appendix:

.Calculationofatotalsoilconcentrationfornaringeninfromanaqueousphaseconcentration,takingintoaccountnaringeninpartitioningbehaviourinsoil

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129

CatalyticremovalofNOandPAHsoverAC-supportedcatalystsfromincinerationfluegas:

Bench-scaleandpilot-planttests  OriginalResearchArticle

ChemicalEngineeringJournal,InPress,CorrectedProof,Availableonline6March2011

Hui-HsinTseng,Chi-YuanLu,Feng-YimChang,Ming-YenWey,Han-TsungCheng

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Abstract

Fordioxinremovalfromincinerationfluegas,thecommonmethodisabsorptionusingactivatedcarbon（AC）.Inordertoreducetheconsumptionofenergy,itisworthtoevaluatethedestructionremovalefficiency（DRE）ofNOandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons（PAHs）overACwithafewmetalsloadingwhiledioxinisphysicalabsorbedbyAC.Asaresult,inthepresentwork,theuseofACasacatalystsupportforsimultaneousNOreductionandPAHscatalyticoxidationwasinvestigatedasanalternativetechnologytoimproveincineratorprocesses.ThisstudyexaminedtheselectiveremovalofNOandPAHsfromincinerationfluegascontainingO2,N2,CO2,H2O,NO,organiccompoundsandflyashoverM/ACcatalysts（M = Fe,Co,Ni,andCu）usingbench-scaleandpilot-planttests.InvestigationsontheeffectsoftheincinerationfluegascompositionandthestructureofthemetalactivesiteonNOandPAHsconversionrevealedthattheconversionactivityincreasesastheatomicnumberofthetransitionmetalsincrease,exceptforNi.CarbonmonoxidecanactasareductanttoincreasetheNOremovalefficiency.TheM/ACcatalystsshowedhighreactivityforsimultaneousPAHsoxidationandNOreduction.TheresultsprovideusefulinformationforthedesignandapplicationofACinjectionorselectivecatalystreductionsystemsforwasteincinerationplants.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Experimental

2.1.Catalystpreparation

2.2.Catalystcharacterization

2.3.Bench-scaletesting

2.4.Pilot-planttesting

3.Resultsanddiscussion

3.1.Catalystcharacterization

3.2.Bench-scaletesting:

effectofthechemicalstateoftheactivesite

3.3.Bench-scaletesting:

effectofgascomposition

3.4.Bench-scaletesting:

poisoningofM/ACcatalysts

3.5.Pilot-planttesting

4.Conclusions

References

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130

ChangesinapolarmetabolitesduringinvitroorganogenesisofPancratiummaritimum  OriginalResearchArticle

PlantPhysiologyandBiochemistry,Volume48,Issues10-11,October-November2010,Pag