USQ EPA大作业美国气候变化问题.docx

USQ EPA大作业美国气候变化问题.docx

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USQEPA大作业美国气候变化问题

1.0Introduction

Theclimatechangeissuesareausterechallengesforhumansociety.Allthecountriesintheworlddealwiththeclimatechangeisatrend.Americaisalsoacountrywhichcanbeaffectedbytheclimatechangeeasily.Rabe（2010,pp.8-9）saidthat‘majoritiesofAmericansconsideredclimatechangetobeaseriousproblem’.AresearchinAmericainOctober9thshowedthatthereweretherefourthsAmericanthoughtthattheglobalwarmingaffectedtheAmericaandfurtherleadedtobadhightemperaturesituationinthissummer.ThisresearchiscarriesonbyYaleUniversityandGeorgeFoxUniversity,andtheyfindthatthereare74%Americanthinkthattheglobalwarmingisaffectingtheclimateandthispercentagerise5%lastresearchinMarch.73%Americansaidthatglobalwarmingmadethesummermoreworsein2012,andthetemperaturebrokethroughtherecordsinsomeplaces.Inaddition,theAmericaclimatesituationisbecomingworseinthepastfewyears.Thisresearchresultrises9%percentthanMarch’s.ResearchshowedthatthereweretherepeopleinMidwestareasaidthatextremeclimateaffectedthecropsinthepast10years,thispercentagerise21%thantheresearchinMarch.Therewere83%peoplesaidthattheyhadsufferedfromtheheatwareandtherewere81%peoplesaidtheysufferedfromdroughtinlastyear.Insoutherndistrict,therewere56%peopleclaimedthattheclimatewerebecomeworseintheirlivingplaceinthepastfewyears.Only40%northeastresidentsclaimedthatthedroughtswerecommon.Inaddition,therewere49%peopleexpressedthattheextremeclimatewouldleadtomorehillfire.

2.0LiteratureReview

Alannewsstatesinhis‘Worldinthemaking’:

becauseoftherapiddevelopmentofindustry,theproportionofCO2intheairwillincreasegreatlyintheseveralfuturecenturies.Harriesexplainedthat‘narrowlydefined,climatechangeistheclimateconsequencesarisingfromtheenhanced‘greenhouseeffect’’.Theclimatechangeisaglobalproblem.AndRabesaidthat‘majoritiesofAmericansconsideredclimatechangetobeaseriousproblem’.Therearelotdebatesinthedifferentinterestgroupsontheclimatechangeproblem.Ciocirlan（2006,p.85）expoundedthat’interestgroupshavealargeinfluenceuponthechoiceofpolicyinstruments’.Carlarne（2010,p.333）claimedthat‘theroleofthemediaininfluencinglegalandpoliticalstrategiesshouldnotbedownplayed’.AndMetz（2001,p.401）expressedthat’industrygroups-inparticular,largeproducersandusersoffuel-arealsolikelytofocustheireffortsontheassociationofcarbon-reductionresponsibilities’.WhileKamieniecki（2006,p.191）statedthat‘publicconcernwillbeabletocounterbalancethewealthandpoliticalinfluenceofinterestgroupsopposedtoclimatechangepolicyremainstobeseen’.Thedifferentinterestgroupsarguebackandforthovertrifleswilldelaythetime.JustlikeRahm（2010,p.38）said‘theinfluenceofmanyinterestgroupsmaycauseadelayinclimateactionthatwillpushtheearthpastitstrippingpoint’.

3.0DebatebetweenDifferentInterestGroups

TheclimateissuesandrelevantpoliciesarethemostangrilydebatedissuesinAmericainrecentyears.Andintheprocessofmakingclimatepolicy,thedifferentinterestgroupsstrugglefortheirownbenefitsfiercely.ThiskindofgamewillnotonlyaffecttheCongressclimatelegislationprocessbutalsoaffectthedecisionofgovernmentandjudgmentofjudicialdepartments.

Accordingtotheindustryattributes,theAmericainterestgroupscanbedividedintothereclasses:

traditionalindustryinterestgroups,new-kindindustryinterestgroupsandpublicinterestgroups.Inordertolookconciseandclear,IdesigntheFigure1whichshowstheclassesofthemaininterestinAmerica.

Firstly,thetraditionalindustryinterestgroupsaremainlyformedbyindustryandagriculture,andtheyarethesupportoftheAmericaneconomic.Thisinterestgrouphavecomplicatedattitudeonformulatingtheclimatepolicy,andtheyareworriedaboutthepolicieswillchangethecurrentproductionmodeandthenaffecttheirbenefits.Fossilfuelindustryincludestheoil,naturalgasandcoalandotherderiveindustries.FromtheFigure2,wecanseethatthefossilfuelisstillourmainresource,andwecanguessthatthefossilfuelindustryaninterestgroupwithstrongpowertoaffecttheclimatepolicy.Thefossilfuelindustryinterestgroupdoesnotopposelimitingemission,buttheyopposethelimitationontheirindustry.Thetraditionalmanufacturehasatightconnectionwiththetraditionalenergyindustry,andtheythinkthatmandatorycutswillaffectthesurvivalanddevelopmentoftheindustry,andthisiswaytheyaresocontraveningtheKyotoProtocol.Ingeneral,manufactureinterestgroupareworriedabouttheemissionreductionpolicy.Thoughtheydonotobjecttodevelopthealternativeenergy,theyemphasizethatdevelopingthealternativeenergyshouldnotpriortoguaranteethesecurityandreliabilityoftheenergy.Thetraditionalagriculturedepartmentdoubttheclimatewarmingandtheythingthattheeffectsofclimatechangeonagricultureareoverstated.Agricultureinterestgroupisworriedaboutthelossofproductivityandthegovernmentcarbonsubsidytiltsforotherdepartments,andtheyrequirethegovernmenttosupportthebiofuelandaddsupplyquota.

Secondly,thenew-kindindustryinterestgroupsbelongtolow-energydepartmentwhichincludenewenergy,newmaterialandbanksandsoon.Thisinterestgroupagreesthattheideaofclimatewarming,andtheyproposalchangetraditionalproductionmodeanddeveloplow-carboneconomytoexpandthebenefitspace.Forexample,thenewenergyinterestgroupthinksthatreinforcetheclimatepolicywillbringalotofdevelopmentchancesforthem.Theinformationtechnologyindustrythinksthattheuseofthenewenergyneedchangetheprocessandmeasureandtrackgreenhousegasesreductionsituationneedtechnologyhardwareandsoftware,andreinforcetheclimatepolicycanbringnewmotivepowertoinformationtechnologyindustry.

Thirdly,thepublicinterestgroupsaremainlyformedbygreengroupsandsomereligiousgroups.Forexample,thegreengroupsthroughpopularizingtheenvironmentalprotectioneducation,takingapartinenvironmentalimprovementandpromotingmanyplacestodealwiththeenvironmentproblems.Inaddition,theforeignpolicythinkingbankswillprovideclimateresearchforgovernmentandCongresstoputforwardidentityoropposedpolicypositions.Andtherearealsosomeotherpublicinterestgroups,suchaseducationalinstitution,associationandreligiousgroupsandsoon.Theycanpersuadethegovernmenttotakecareoftheclimateproblems.

4.0TheHistoricalandInstitutionalContext

TheindustrialrevolutionbringsalotbenefitstotheAmerica,whiletheindustrialactionswillaffecttheclimateofEarthgreatly.Attheearlystage,thescientistsfoundthisconclusion,buttheydonotpaytoomuchattentiontotheresultandtheyarealloptimistictothissituation.Untilnowadays,theclimatechangearebeingacceptedbymoreandmorepeopleandtheyallrealizetheimportanceofprotecttheenvironmenttoreducetheclimatechanging.Intheaspectofinstitutionalcontext,theideasoffreedomanddemocracyhaveadeepimpressionontheAmericanssothattheycanfullyexpresstheirideasandthoughtstothegovernment.Inaddition,theAmericacarriesiontheseparationofthethreepowerswhichhaveindependentlegislation,administrationandjudiciary.Thedifferentinterestgroupsaffectthedifferentdepartmentstoformulatelawsintheirownways.

5.0Policiesresponsetoclimatechange

Inalongtine,Americahasanegativeontheclimateproblemwhichisunmatchedtothelevelofeconomicdevelopmentandtheresponsibilitytheyshouldundertake.WhilewhentheObamaadministrationcomesintopower,theirattitudesontheclimatechangeproblemchanges.TheyproposaltoparticipatethediscussionofUnitedNationClimateChangeConvention,andtheyalsodetrudeeconomicincentiveplanandnewenergyplan.Theywillarrange50billiondollarstoimprovetheenergyefficiencyandimprovetheproductionofrenewableenergysources.Andinthenewenergyplan,theywillinvest150billiondollarstodevelopthesolarpower,windenergyresource,biomassenergyandsomeothernewenergyprograms.The'CleanEnergyandSecurityAct’ispassedtoreducethegreenhousegasesemissionandlowertheimportoildependency.

Listofreferences

Alannews,S,Worldinthemaking,p.23

Carlarne,CP2010,ClimateChangeLawandPolicy:

EuandUsApproaches,OxfordUniversityPress,p.333

Ciocirlan,CE2006,DevelopingandTestingaPositiveTheoryofInstrumentChoice:

RenewableEnergyPolicyintheFiftyAmericanStates,ProQuest,p.85

Harris,PG2000,ClimateChangeandAmericanForeignPolicy,PalgraveMacmillan,pp.4-5

Kamieniecki,S2006,CorporateAmericaandEnvironmentalPolicy:

HowOftenDoesBusinessGetItsWay,StanfordUniversityPress,p.191

Metz,B2001,ClimateChange2001:

Mitigation:

ContributionofWorkingGroupIIItotheThirdAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,CambridgeUniversityPress,p.401

Rabe,BG2010,GreenhouseGovernance:

AddressingClimateChangeinAmerica,Brookings

InstitutionPress,pp.8-9

Rahm,D2010,ClimateChangePolicyintheUnitedStates:

TheScience,thePolitics,andtheProspectsforChange,McFarland,p.38

Appendices

Figure1:

Figure2:

Westillcompletelyrelythefossilfuel

Source:

Lacey（2012）,Westillcompletelyrelythefossilfuel,http:

//thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/10/03/942641/four-charts-to-challenge-your-optimism-about-the-drop-in-u