交际中的衔接与连贯Cohesion and Coherence in Communication语言学 语义学 语用学 英语专业 毕业论文Word下载.docx

交际中的衔接与连贯Cohesion and Coherence in Communication语言学 语义学 语用学 英语专业 毕业论文Word下载.docx

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交际中的衔接与连贯

英语语言文学专业

Contents

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Discourse1

1.2 Cohesionandcoherence2

1.3 Communication5

2. Cohesion 6

2.1 Reference8

2.2 Substitution9

2.3 Ellipsis11

2.4 Conjunction12

2.5 Lexicalcohesion15

2.6 Sub-conclusion17

3. Coherence 18

3.1 Context18

3.2 Thematicorganizationandknown-newinformation23

3.3 Speechacts27

3.4 ConversationalimplicatureandCooperativePrinciples32

3.5 Sub-Conclusion36

4. Communication 37

4.1 Sentence,propositionandillocutionaryact37

4.2 Cohesionandpropositionaldevelopment40

4.3 Coherenceandillocutionarydevelopment43

5. SummaryandConclusion 46

Reference49

Abstract

Thispaperfocusesontherelationshipbetweencohesion,coherenceandcommunication.Cohesionisasemanticcategory.Itreferstotheexplicitrelationshipbetweenlinguisticitemswhichisrealizedbycohesivedevicesorcohesiveties.Coherenceisapragmaticcategory.Itreferstotheimplicitrelationshipbetweenlinguisticelementswhichisrealizedbypragmaticconnections,suchascontext,conversationalimplicature,illocutionaryforce.Communicationinvolvestheinterpretationofboththesurfaceorsententialmeaningandtheimplicatureandintentionofadiscourse.Intheverbalcommunication,cohesionhelpsthecommunicatorsfollowthepropositionaldevelopmentwithinadiscourse,whilecoherencehelpsthemtracetheillocutionarydevelopmentinacommunicationunit.Bothcohesionandcoherencearenecessaryfortheproductionandtheinterpretationofacommunicationdiscourse.Whenevercommunicatorsfailtoidentifycohesioninadiscourse,theyreturntocoherence.Acommunicationdiscoursemustbecoherent,butnotnecessarilycohesive.

KeyWords：

cohesion,coherence,communication,propositionaldevelopment,illocutionarydevelopment

内容提要

衔接和连贯是交际篇章的必要条件。

衔接属于语义范畴，指篇章组成成分之间的显性的连接。

这种显性连接是由衔接手段或称衔接节实现的。

连贯属于语用范畴，指的是篇章成分之间的隐性连接。

这种连接是由一些语用关系来实现的，如语境、会话含义、言外之意等。

交际既涉及到字面的、表面的意义的理解，又涉及到深层的含义和意图的理解。

在语言交际中，衔接可以帮助交际者按照命题的推进来组织话语和理解话语，而连贯则可以帮助交际者理清篇章中意图推进的脉络。

衔接和连贯对于话语或篇章的产生和理解都是相当重要的。

一段篇章可以不必是衔接的，但必须是连贯的。

关键词：

衔接、连贯、交际、命题推进、意图推进

1. Introduction

1.1 Discourse

InthediscussionofdiscourseSomelinguistsrefertoitastextortextualanalysis.Halliday&

Hasandefinedtextas..isusedinlinguisticstorefertoanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatdoesformaunifiedwhole**（1976:

1）.Infact,theterm"

text”and"

discourse'

1areidenticalinmanylinguists*works.InthisarticleIwilltakethetwotermsasonething.

therehavealwaysbeenargumentsandconfusionaboutwhatmakesstringsofwordsorstringsofsentencesadiscourse.Inotherwords,whatisitthatmakesapassagewrittenorasetofutterancesspokenaunifiedwholeinsteadofjustacollectionofunrelatedsentences?

Arethereanycertainfeaturesthatarecharacteristicofdiscourse?

Inordertoanswerthesequestions,aprobeneedstobemadetolookintotheinnermechanismsthatgovernthemakingofadiscourse.

Normallinguisticbehaviordoesnotconsistintheproductionofseparatesentencesbutintheuseofsentencesforthecreationofdiscourse.Adiscoxirsemaybespokenorwritten,proseorverse,dialogueormonologue.Itisaunitoflanguageinuse.Itismisleadingtoenvisageadiscoursetobeakindofsuper-sentence,agrammaticalunitthatislargerthanasentencebutisrelatedtoasentenceinmuchthesamewaythatasentenceisrelatedtoaclause,aclausetoagroupandsoon.Adiscourseisdifferentfromasentencenotinsizebutinkind.

AtextisbestregardedasaSEMANTICunit:

aunitnotofformbutofmeaning.ThusitisrelatedtoaclauseorsentencenotbysizebutbyREALIZATION,thecodingofonesymbolicsysteminanother.AtextdoesnotCONSISTOFsentences;

itisREALIZEDBY,orencodedin,sentences...weshallnotexpecttofindthesamekindofSTRUCTURALintegrationamongthepartsofatextaswefindamongthepartsofasentenceorclause.Theunityofatextisaunityofadifferentkind.

（Halliday&

Hasan,1976:

2）

Adiscoursehastexture,andthisiswhatdistinguishesitfromsomethingthatisnotadiscourse.Ifapassageofalanguagecontainingmorethanonesentenceisregardedasadiscourse,therewillbecertainlinguisticfeaturespresentinthatpassagewhichcanbeidentifiedascontributingtoitstotalunityandgivingittexture.Thetextureisprovidedbythecohesiverelationthatexistsbetweentwoormoreitemsinthediscourse.Suchrelationiscalled"

tie”byHalliday&

Hasan（1976:

3）,andtheyhavediscussedthecohesivetiesinsomedetailandtheirdiscussionhasbecomeastandardreference.

1.2 CohesionandCoherence

Manylinguistshavediscussedthequestionofcohesionandcoherence.Buttheiropinionsonthesetwonotionsdiffer.Some（suchasCrystal,1985）thinkthatcohesionrealizestherelationbetweenmeaninganditssuperformsandcoherencerealizestherelationbetweenmeaningandthecontext.Some（suchasBrown&

Yule,1983）thinkthatwhenpeopleinterpretadiscoursetheydonotneedtextualmarkers（cohesiveties）,andtheyassumethatthediscourseiscoherentandmaketheinterpretationunderthisassumption.Some（suchasWangZongyan,1992）thinkthatcohesionisthelexicalandgrammaticaldevicesinatextandcoherenceistheeffectrealizedbythesedevices.Stillsome（suchasWiddowson,1978）thinkthatcohesionistheexplicitrelationshipbetweenpropostionsofsentencesandcoherenceistherelationshipbetweenillocutionaryactsofutterances.InthispaperIrefertocohesionasanythingatthesemanticlevelthatmakespartsofcommunicativeelementsrelated,andrefertocoherenceasanythingatthepragmaticlevelthatmakespartsofcommunicativeelementsrelated.

Cohesionoccurswheretheinterpretationofsomeelementsinthediscourseisdependentonthatofanother.Theconceptofcohesionisasemanticone;

itreferstotherelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinadiscourse.Theinterpretationofadiscoursedoesnotonlyrelyonthelexicogrammaticaldevices;

onehastorefertothecohesiverelationsthatexistbetweentheelementsinadiscourse.Thatistosayinadiscourse,someelementspresupposeandsomeotherelementsarepresupposed.Theinterpretationoftheelementthatpresupposescannotbereachedwithoutrecoursetothepresupposed.Takethefollowingdiscourseasanexample:

（1） Findaproperwordforthesentence.Putitintotheblank.

Itisclearthatitinthesecondsentencerefersbacktoaproperwordinthefirstsentence.Thiskindofrelationiscalledanaphoricanditisthisanaphoricfunctionofitthatgivescohesiontothetwosentences,sothatweinterpretthemasawhole;

thetwosentencestogetherconstituteadiscourse.Whatismore,theinterpretationofitcannotbemadeifwedonotrelyontherelationthatexistsbetweenitandaproperwordinthetwosentences.ThereareseveralothercohesiverelationsthatmakeadiscourseintoawholewhichIwilldiscussinthesecondpartofthisarticle.

Certainlywerelyonthecohesivedevicesfortheinterpretationofthemeaningofalinguisticmessage,butitisamistaketothinkthatmeaningcanbeorisonlyachievedbysyntacticstructuresandlexicalitemsusedinalinguisticmessage.Sometimeswecanrecognizeadiscourseinformbutcannotclaimtohaveunderstood,simplybecauseweneedmoreinfonnation.Toshowthispoint,letuscheckthefollowingexchangetakenfromWiddowson（1978:

29）.

（2） A:

Thafsthetelephone.

B:

I'

minthebath.

A:

OK

Howdowemakesenseofthis?

Wecannotfindanycohesivetiesinthisexchange.Butourmindtellsusthesefragmentsoflinguisticmessagesdoformaunifiedwholeinsteadofsomeunrelatedsounds.Thatistosaywedorecognizethisasacoherentinstanceofdiscourse.Whatwedo,ofcourse,istoenvisageasituationinwhichtheutteringofthefirstsentenceisregardedasarequest.Thereasonwegiveitthevalueofarequestisthatwerecognizethewayinwhichitrelatestotheotherpartsoftheexchangehere.Forthesamereason,wetakeB'

sremarkasareplytoA*srequestandashavingthecommunicativevalueofanexcusefornotcomplyingwithA'

srequest,andwetakeA*ssecondremarkasanacceptanceofB'

sexcuseandasanundertakingtodohimself（orherself）whathe（orshe）originallyaskedBtodo.Havingrecognizedtheserelations,wecan,therefore,supplythemissingpropositionallinksandproduceaversionwhichiscohesive:

（3） A:

Thafsthetelephone.（Canyouanswerit,please?

）

（No,Ican'

tansweritbecause）I'

OK（PHanswerit）.

Theelementsinthebracketsarenotsuppliedbythetwospeakers（neitherAnorB）butareprovidedbythetwolisteners（bothBandA）.

Inadiscourse,suchelementswhicharenotsupplieddirectlybutcanbecomplementedbythelistenerorthereaderconstitutethecoherentrelationshipwithinadiscourse.Adiscoxirsewithcoherentrelationsmayclaimtohavecoherenceinit.

1.3 Communication

Asisdiscussedabove,theinterpretationofadiscoursecannotbeachievedwithouttakingthecohesiveorthecoherentdeviceswithinitintoconsideration.Theproperuseofthetwodevicesbythespeaker/writertoencodethemeaningandbythelistener/readertodecodeitthrowslightonthelinguisticcompetencethatacommunicatorpossesses.HereIamnotreferringthecompetencetothe"

internalizedgrammar"

advancedbyChomskybutreferringitasDellHymes*notionof"

communicativecompetence”orHalliday'

snotionof"

meaningpotentialnwhich,accordingtoHalliday,isnotunlikeHymes*"

communicativecompetence"

.BothHallidayandHymesrejec