语言学名词解释Word文件下载.docx

语言学名词解释Word文件下载.docx

《语言学名词解释Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学名词解释Word文件下载.docx（8页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

Presupposion:

aspeskersaidtoyou“whendidyoustopbeatingyourwife”,thespeakerhastheassumptionthatyouusedtobeatyourwifeandnolongerdoso.Suchassumptionsarecalledpresupposion.

Speechacttheory:

itwasproposedbyJ.L.austinandhasbeendevelopedbyj.r.searle.Basically,theybelievethatlanguageisnotonlyusedtoinformordescribethings,butto“do”things,performacts.

Illocutionaryacts:

representativesdirectivescommissivesexpressivesdeclarations

Indirectspeechact:

wheneverthereisanindirectrelationshipbetweenastructureandafunction,wehaveaindirectspeechact.

Thecooperativeprinciple:

H.P.gricebelivesthattheremustbesomemechanismsgoverningtheproductionandcomprehensionoftheutterances.Hesuggeststhatthereisasetofassumptionsguidingtheconductofconversation.ThisiswhathecallstheCP.Toputitsimply,thecpmeansthatweshouldsaywhatistrueinaclearandrelevantmanner.（qualityquantityrelationmanner）

Conversatonalimplicatures:

akindofextrameaningthatisnotliterallycontainedintheutterance.

ThesixmaximsofthePP

（tactgenerosityapprobationmodestyagreementsympathy）

Chapter7

Discourse：

languageabovethesentenceorabovetheclause.

Discourseanalysis:

isalsocalleddiscourselinguisticsanddiscoursestudies,ortextlinguistics.Itisthestudyofhowsentencesinspokenandwrittenlanguageformalargermeaninfulunitssuchasparagraphs,interviews,conversations,etc.

Giveninformation:

itistheinformationthattheaddresserbelievesisknowntotheaddressee.

Newinformation:

itistheinformationthattheaddresserbelievesisnotknowntotheaddressee.

Topic:

thetopicrepresentswhattheutteranceisaboutanditistheonethatthespeakerdecidestotakeasthestartingpoint.Thecommentiswhatissaidaboutit.

Cohesion:

itreferstothegrammaticalandlexicalrelationshipsbetweenthedifferentelementsofadiscourse.

Cohesivedevicesincludereference{endophora（anaphoraandcataphora）andexophora},substitution,ellipsis,conjunction（coordinatorsandsubordinators）andlexicalcohesion（repetitionsynonymandsuperordinate）.

Discoursemarkers:

expressionsthatarecommonlyusedintheinitialpositionofanutteranceandaresyntacticallydetachablefromasentence.

conversationalanalysis:

theanalysisofnaturalconversationinordertodiscoverwhatthelinguisticcharacteristicsofconversationareanshowconversationisusedinoordinarylifeiscalledconversationalanalysis.（adjacencypairs,preferencestructureandpresequences）

Adjacencypairs:

asequenceoftworelatedutterancebytwodifferentspeakers.Thesecondpartisalwaysaresponsetothefirst.

Presequences:

theopeningsequencesthatareusedtosetupsomespecificpotentialactionsarecalledpresequences.

赞同

Chapter8

Sociolinguistics:

whenwestudythelanguageinrelationtosociety.Itiscalledsociolinguistics.

Languagevarieties:

languagechangesalongsocialchangesanditalsochangesfromregiontoregion,fronoonesocialgrouptoanotherandfromindividualtoindividual.Theproductsofsuchchangesarecalledvarietiesofthelanguage.liletheriseandfallofxiaojie.

Standardlanguage:

thedominantandprestigiousvarietyoflanguageisoftencalledstandardlanguageorstandardvarietyorstandarddialect.,thevarietyoflanguagewhichhadthehigheststatusinonecommunityoranationandwhichisbasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofalanguage.RPandSAEorGA.

Dialect:

avarietyoflanguageusedrecognizablyinaspecificregionorbyaspecificsocialclassiscalleddialect.Dialectscanbeclassifiedintofourtypes（regionalorgeographicaldialectsandtemporaldialectsandsociolectsandidiolects）

regionalorgeographicaldialects:

varietiesoflanguagespokeninageographicalarea

temporaldialects:

varietiesoflanguageusedataspecificstagesinthehistoricaldevelopment.

Sociolects:

varietiesoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclass.

Idiolects:

varietiesoflanguageusedbyindividualspeaker,wirhpeculiaritiesofpronunciation,vocabularyansgrammar.

Register:

mostspeakersofalanguagespeakonewaywithfriends,anotheronajobintervieworpresentingareportinclass,anothertalingtochildrenandstillanotherwiththeirparents.Thesevarietiesareclassifiedaccordingtouseiscalledregister.like（pickled,high,drunkandintoxicated）

M.A.K.Halliday’sregistertheoryisdeterminedbythreefactorfieldandmodeandtenor

Fieldofdiscoursereferstowhatishappening,includingwhatistalkingabout.e.g.thefieldsoflinguisticsandreligionandadvertising.

Modeofdiscoursereferstothemediumoflanguageactivitywhichdeterminestheroleplayedbythelanguageinasituation.e.g.speechandwriting

Tenorofdiscoursereferstotherelationaamongtheparticipantsinalanguageactivity.e.g.colloquialandformal

Pidginsandcreoles

Pidgins:

apidginisavarietyoflanguagethatisnotanativelanguageofanyone,butislearntoncontactsituationsuchastrading.Theprocessbywhichthepidgindevelopsiscalledpidginization.

Creoles:

whenapidgindevelopsbeyonditsroleasatradinglanguageandbecomesthefirstlanguageofasocialcommunity,itbecomesacreole.

Creoleshavelargenumberofnativespeakersandnotrestrictedatallintheiruses.Onceacreoleisinexistence,itmaycontinuealmostwithoutchange,itmaybeextinct,itmaybeevolveintoanormallanguageorgraduallymergewithitsbaselanguagethroughdecreolization.

Languageplanning:

thegovernmentcarefullyexamineallthelanguagesanddialectsinthecountryanddecidewhichisthestandardofficiallanguage.Theyalsomakeplansfortheregionaluseanddevelopmentofotherlanguagesanddialects.Thisisnowcalledlanguageplanning.

Statusplanning（change）andcorpusplanning（develop）

Diglossia:

withahandfuloflanguages,twoverydifferentvarietiesofthesamelanguageareused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctions.Asituationofthiskindiscalleddiglossia.

Bilingualism:

irreferstoasituationwheretwolanguagesareusedbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionornation.

Multilingualis

Code-switching:

bilingualsoftenswitchbetweentheirtwolanguagesorlanguagevarietiesinthemiddleofaconversation.Thisphenomenoniscalledcode-switching.

Therearetwomajorkindsofcode-switching:

situationalcode-switching（notopicchangeisinvolved）andmetaphoricalcode-switching.

Taboo:

awordthatwearereluctanttousemaybecalledatabooword.

Euphemisms:

amoeacceptablesubstituteofataboowordiscalledaeuphemism.（euphemistic）

Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereareagreatdealofextrapolitenessinfemalespeechwhichmakesuseofthefollowinglinguisticsdevices1frequentuseofhedges2abundantuseoftagquestion3gereateruseofqualifiersandintensifiersthanmen4preferenceforuesofthestandardformoflanguage.

Chapter10

Cognitivelinguistics:

theapproachthatlanguageandlanguageusearebasedonourbodilyexperienceandthewayweconceptualizeitiscalledcongnitivelinguistics.

Categorization:

thementalprocessofclassificationiscalledcategorazation,whichisoneoftheimportantcapabilitiedofthehumanmind.

Category:

thespecialtermforthisphenomemoniscalledcategory（dogandtree）

Theclassicaltheory:

theclassicaltheoryofcategorization.Ithasfourassumptions1athingcannotbothbeandnotbe,cannotbothhavethefeatureandnothaveit,andcannotbothbelongtoacategoryandnotbelongtoit.2thefeaturesarebinary3thecategorieshaveclearboundaries4allmembersofacategoryhaveequalstatus.

Theprototypetheory:

thebestexamplesofonecategoryarecalledprototype.（birdandcolorandfruit）

Levelsofcategorization:

superordinatelevelsbasiclevelsandsubordinatelevels

Basic-levelcategoriesarebasicinthreerespects:

1perception2communication3knowledgeorganization（featureandattributes）

Iconicityoforder:

itreferstothesimilaritybetweentemporaleventsandthelineararrangementofelementsinalinguisticconstruction.（openthebottleandpourwine）

Iconicityofdistance:

thatis,elementswhichhaveacloserelationshipmustbeplacedclosetogether.（causationandmulti-adjectivesbefoereanoun）

Iconicityofcomplexity:

thephenomenonthatlinguisticcomplexityreflectsconceptualcomplexityisusuallycallediconicityofcomplexity.

Grammaticalization:

theprocesswherebyanindependentwordsareshiftedtothestatusofthegrammaticalelementsiscalledgrammaticalization.

Thedifferenceofpragmaticsandsemantics

Semanticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaninginallitsformalaspects.

Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestu