超详细中英图文对照汽车技术解析+机械专业英语词汇.docx

超详细中英图文对照汽车技术解析+机械专业英语词汇.docx

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超详细中英图文对照汽车技术解析+机械专业英语词汇

超详细中英图文对照汽车技术解析+机械专业英语词汇

CHAPTER1AUTOMOTIVEBASICS

1.1 PrincipalComponents主要构成零部件

Today'saveragecarcontainsmorethan15,000separate,individualpartsthatmustworktogether.Thesepartscangroupedintofourmajorcategories:

engine,body,chassisandelectricalequipment.现在，一般汽车由大约一万五千多个独立的零部件组成。

这些部件分为四大类，即发动机（引擎系统），车身，底盘和电气设备。

1.2 Engine发动机/引擎系统

Theengineactsasthepowerunit.Theinternalcombustionengineismostcommon:

thisobtainsitspowerbyburningaliquidfuelinsidetheenginecylinder.Therearetwotypesof

byachargingcircuit.Thiscircuitconsistsofthebattery,alternator（orgenerator）.Thebatterystoreselectricity.Thealternatorchangestheengine'smechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergyandrechargesthebattery.

电气设备为汽车点火、喇叭、车灯、发热器和启动器提供电力。

通过循环充电来维持电量。

NewWords

Principalcomponent 主要部件

category 种类，类型

body 车身

chassis 底盘

layout 布置

powerunit 动力装置

internalcombustionengine 内燃机

cylinder 汽缸

gasoline 汽油

spark 火花

ignition 点燃，点火

diesel 柴油机

compression 压缩

shaft 轴

transmission 传动系

sheetmetal 金属板

shell 外壳

hood （发动机）罩

trunkdeck 行李舱盖

cargo 货物

styling 样式

assembly 总成，装配

suspension 悬挂，悬置

shock 冲击

steering 转向，操纵

brake 刹车，制动器

clutch 离合器

gearbox 变速器

driveshaft 传动轴

finaldrive 主减速器，后桥

differential 差速器

slowdown （使）慢下来，减速

horn 喇叭

starter 起动机

charge 充电

alternator 交流发电机

ReviewQuestions

1.Listthemainpartsofanautomobile?

2.Whatarethecommontypesofavehicleaccordingtobodystyling?

3.Whichsystemsdoesachassisincludeandwhatarethemainfunctionsofthechassis?

4.Whyaresuspensionsystemsusedonvehicles?

CHAPTER2INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE内燃发动机

2.1principleofoperation发动机的工作原理/操作原理

2.1.1Engineandpower发动机与能量

Engineisusedtoproducepower.

发动机产生动能。

Thechemicalenergyinfuelisconvertedtoheatbytheburningofthefuelatacontrolledrate.Thisprocessiscalledcombustion.Ifenginecombustionoccurswiththepowerchamber,theengineiscalledinternalcombustionengine.Ifcombustiontakesplaceoutsidethecylinder,theengineiscalledanexternalcombustionengine.汽油燃料通过受控速度的燃烧讲自身的化学能转化为热能。

这个过程称作燃烧。

如果发动机的内燃在燃料室中发上，发动机被称作内燃发动机。

如果内燃发生在汽缸外，发动机则被称作外燃发动机。

Engineusedinautomobilesareinternalcombustionheatengines.汽车的发动机是内燃发动机。

Heatenergyreleasedinthecombustionchamberraisesthetemperatureofthecombustiongaseswiththechamber.Theincreaseingastemperaturecausesthepressureofthegasestoincrease.Thepressuredevelopedwithinthecombustionchamberisappliedtotheheadofapistontoproduceausablemechanicalforce,whichisthenconvertedintousefulmechanicalpower.燃烧汽缸中释放的热能将汽缸内的内燃其他温度升高。

气体温度的升高导致其他压强增大。

汽缸内的压强不断产生以用于活塞头产生可用的机械动力，随后转变成为有用的机械动能。

2.1.2EngineTerms发动机术语

Linkingthepistonbyaconnectingrodtoacrankshaftcausesthegastorotatetheshaftthroughhalfaturn.

连动杆将汽缸活塞与机轴联接起来，这种连接促使气体

Thepowerstroke“usesup”thegas,someansmustbeprovidedtoexpeltheburntgasandrechargethecylinderwithafreshpetrol-airmixture:

thiscontrolofgasmovementisthedutyofthevalves;aninletvalveallowsthenewmixturetoenterattherighttimeandanexhaustvalveletsouttheburntgasafterthegashasdoneitsjob.Enginetermsare:

TDC（TopDeadCenter）:

thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisfartherawayfromthecrankshaft.上止点

BDC（BottomDeadCenter）:

thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisnearesttothecrankshaft.下止点

Stroke:

thedistancebetweenBDCandTDC;strokeiscontrolledbythecrankshaft.冲程

Bore:

theinternaldiameterofthecylinder.内孔（汽缸的内直径）

Sweptvolume:

thevolumebetweenTDCandBDC.活塞排量

Enginecapacity:

thisisthesweptvolumeofallthecylindere.g.afour-strokehavingacapacityoftwoliters（2000cm）hasacylindersweptvolumeof50cm.发动机容积

Clearancevolume:

thevolumeofthespaceabovethepistonwhenitisatTDC.汽缸余隙容积

Compressionratio=（sweptvol+clearancevol）\（clearancevol）压缩率

Two-stroke:

apowerstrokeeveryrevolutionofthecrank.二冲程–曲柄旋转一圈作功一次。

Four-stroke:

apowerstrokeeveryotherrevolutionofthecrank.四冲程-曲柄旋转两圈作功一次。

2.1.3TheFour-strokeSpark-ignitionEngineCycle

Thespark-ignitionengineisaninternal-combustionenginewithexternallysuppliedinignition,whichconvertstheenergycontainedinthefueltokineticenergy.

Thecycleofoperationsisspreadoverfourpistonstrokes.Tocompletethefullcycleittakestworevolutionsofthecrankshaft.

Theoperatingstrokesare:

Thisstrokeintroducesamixtureofatomizedgasolineandairintothecylinder.Thestrokestartswhenthepistonmovesdownwardfromapositionnearthetopofthecylinder.Asthepistonmovesdownward,avacuum,orlow-pressurearea,iscreated.

Duringtheintakestroke,oneoftheportsisopenedbymovingtheinletvalve.Theexhaustvalveremainstightlyclosed.

Compressionstroke

Asthepistonmovesupwardtocompressthefuelmixturetrappedinthecylinder,thevalvesareclosedtightly.Thiscompressionactionheatstheair/fuelmixtureslightlyandconfinesitwithinasmallareacalledthecombustionchamber.

Powerstroke

Justbeforethepistonreachesthetopofitscompressionstroke,anelectricalsparkisintroducedfromasparkplugscrewedintothecylinderhead.

Thesparkignitesthecompressed,heatedmixtureoffuelandairinthecombustionchambertocauserapidburning.Theburningfuelproducesintenseheatthatcausesrapidexpansionofthegasescompressedwithinthecylinder.Thispressureforcesthepistondownward.Thedownwardstroketurnsthecrankshaftwithgreatforce.

Exhauststroke

Justbeforethebottomofthepowerstroke,theexhaustvalveopens.Thisallowsthepiston,asitmovesupward,topushthehot,burnedgasesoutthroughtheopenexhaustvalve.

Then,justbeforethepistonreachesitshighestpoint,theexhaustvalveclosesandtheinletvalveopens.Asthepistonreachesthehighestpointinthecylinder,knownasTDC,itstartsbackdownagain.Thus,onecycleendsandanotherbeginsimmediately.

2.1.4EngineOverallMechanics

Theenginehashundredsofotherparts.Themajorpartsofengineareengineblock,engineheads,pistons,connectingrods,crankshaftandvalves.Theotherpartsarejoinedtomakesystems.Thesesystemsarethefuelsystem,intakesystem,ignitionsystem,coolingsystem,lubricationsystemandexhaustsystem.Eachofthesesystemshasadefinitefunction.Thesesystemswilldiscussedindetaillater.

NEWWORD

Piston活塞

Connectingrod连杆

Crankshaft曲轴

Powerstoke活塞行程

Expel排出

Valve气阀

inlet（intake）valve进气阀

exhaustvalve排气阀

term术语

TDC上止点

BDC下止点

Bore缸径

sweptvolume有效容积

enginecapacity发动机排量

clearancevolume余隙容积,燃烧室容积

compressionratio压缩比

revolution旋转,转数

everyother每隔一个

cycle循环

spreadover分布,遍及

intakestroke进气行程

compressionstroke压缩行程

knock敲缸,敲打

exhauststroke排气行程

engineblock发动机缸体

lubrication润滑

2.2EngineBlockandCylinderHead

2.2.1 EngineBlock

Theengineblockisthebasicframeoftheengine.Allotherenginepartseitherfitinsideitorfastentoit.Itholdsthecylinders,waterjackets,andoilgalleries.Theengineblockalsoholdsthecrankshaft,whichfastenstothebottomoftheblock.Thecamshaftalsofitsinsidetheblock,exceptonoverhead-camengines（OHC）.Inmostcars,thisblockismadeofgrayiron,oranalloy（mixture）ofgrayironandothermetals,suchasnickelorchromium.Engineblocksarecastings.

Someengineblocks,especiallythoseinsmallercars,aremadeofcastaluminum.Thismetalismuchlighterthaniron.However,ironwearsbetterthanaluminum.Therefore,thecylindersinmostaluminumenginesarelinedwithironorsteelsleeves.Thesesleevesarecalledcylindersleeves.Someengineblocksaremadeentirelyofaluminum.

2.2.2 CylinderHead

Thecylinderheadfastenstothetopoftheblock,justasarooffitsoverahouse.Theundersideformsthecombustionchamberwiththetopofthepiston.Themostcommoncylinderheadtypesarethehemi,wedge,andsemi-hemi.Allthreeofthesetermsrefertotheshapeoftheengine'scombustionchamber.Thecylinderheadcarriesthevalves,valvespringsandtherockersontherockershaft,thispartofthevalvegearbeingworkedbythepush-rods.Sometimesthecamshaftisfitteddirectlyintothecylinderheadandoperatesonthevalveswithoutrockers.Thisiscalledanoverheadcamshaftarrangement.Likethecylinderblock,theheadismadefromeithercastironoraluminumalloy.

2.2.3 Gasket

Thecylinderheadisattachedtotheblockwithhigh-tensilesteelstuds.Thejointbetweentheblockandtheheadmustbegas-tightsothatnoneoftheburningmixturecanescape.Thisisachievedbyusingcylinderheadgasket.Thisisasandwichgasket,i.e.asheetofasbestosbetweentwosheetsofcopper,boththesematerialsbeingabletowithstandthehightemperatureandpressureswithintheengine.

2.2.4 OilPanorSump

Theoilpanisusuallyformedofpressedsteel.Theoilpanandthelowerpartofthecylinderblocktogetherarecalledthecrankcase;theyenclose,orencase,thecrankshaft.Theoilpumpinthelubricatingsystemdrawsoilfromtheoilpanandsendsittoallworkingpartsintheengine.Theoildrainsoffandrunsdownintothepan.Thus,thereisconstantcirculationofoilbetweenthepanandtheworkingpartsoftheengine.

NewWords

engineblock 缸体

cylinderhead 气缸盖

fasten 使固定

waterjacket 水套

oilgallery 油道

camshaft 凸轮轴

overhead-cam（OHC） 顶置凸轮

grayiron 灰铸铁

alloy 合金

nickel 镍

chromium 铬

casting 铸件

headcover 汽缸盖罩

intakemanifold 进气总管

distributor 分电器

oilpan 油底壳

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