武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案.docx

武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案.docx

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武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案

武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题

PartⅠReadingComprehension（30%）

Directions:

Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.

Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Alltypesofstressstudy,whetherunderlaboratoryorreal-lifesituations,studymechanismsforincreasingthearousallevelofthebrain.

Thebrainbloodflowstudiesshowthatrecitingthedaysoftheweekandmonthsoftheyearincreasesbloodflowinappropriateareas,whereasproblemsolvingwhichdemandsintenseconcentrationofareasoningtypeproducesmuchlargerchangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain.

Betweenthesebasicstudiesofbrainfunctionandreallifesituationsthereisstillaconsiderablegap,butreasonabledeductionseemspossibletotryandunderstandwhathappenstothebrain.Lifeconsistsofaseriesofeventswhichmayberelatedtoworkortoourso-calledleisuretime.Workmayberelativelyautomatic—aswithtyping,forinstance,itrequiresintenseconcentrationandrepetitionduringthelearningphasetoestablishapatterninthebrain.Thenthetypist'sfingersautomaticallymovetohittheappropriatekeysasshereadsthewordsonthecopy.？

However,whenshegetstiredshemakesmistakesmuchmorefrequently.Toovercomethisshehastoraiseherlevelofarousalandconcentrationbutbeyondacertainpointtheautomaticislostandthinkingabouthittingthekeysleadstomoremistakes.

Otherjobsinvolveintenseconcentrationsuchasholdingbottlesofwineuptoastronglightandturningthemupsidedowntolookforparticlesofdirtfallingdown.Thissoundsquiteeasybutexperienceteachesthatworkerscandothisforonlyaboutthirtyminutesbeforetheystartmakingamistake.Thisispartlybecausethenumberofoccasionswithdirtinthebottleislowandthearousallevel,therefore,fails.Scientistshaveshownthatdevicestoraisearousallevelwillincreasetheaccuracyoflookingforrelativelyrareevents.Arecentstudyoftheeffectoflossofsleepinyoungdoctorsshowedthatintestsinvolvingachallengetotheirmedicaljudgmentwhenshortofsleeptheyraisedtheirarousallevelandbecamebetterattestsofgrammaticalreasoningaswell.

1.Accordingtothebrainbloodflowstudies,problemsolving________.

A.increasesbloodflowinsomeareasofthebrain

B.causeschangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain

C.demandsintenseconcentrationofbloodincertainareas

D.isbasedontheabilitytorecitethetime

2.Theauthorbelievesthat________.

A.theresultsobtainedinthelaboratoryexactlyreflectsthereal-lifesituations

B.thegapbetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationsistoolargetofillup

C.thegapbetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationscanbeclosedbyproperreasoning

D.thedifferencebetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationswillbereduced

3.Whenatypistgetstired,________.

A.shehastotryhardtoraiseherautomatic

B.shecantypeonlyautomatically

C.shecannotthinkaboutwhatsheisdoing.

D.shecanseldomtypeautomatically

4.Examiningbottlesofwineishardworkbecause________.

A.thebottlesmustbeheldupsidedown

B.itisdifficulttoseetheparticlesofdirt？



C.itrequireshighlevelofautomatic

D.mostbottlesareallright

5.Accordingtotheauthor,akeyfactorintheabilitytoreasonis________.？

？

？

？

？

？

A.thesubject'sknowledgeofgrammar

B.theamountofsleepthesubjecthashad

C.thelevelofarousalofthesubject

D.theextenttowhichthesubjecthasbeentaughttoreason

Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Auctionsarepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasksthecrowdassembledintheauction-roomtomakeoffers,or“bids”,forthevariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfigures,andfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled“knockingdown”thegoods,forthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestands.Thisisoftensetonaraisedplatformcalledarostrum.？

TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauction,andtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatinauctio,meaning“increase”.TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar;thesesaleswerecalledsubbasra,meaning“underthespear”,aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacrowdtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesgoodswereoftensold“bythecandle”:

ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.

Practicallyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,rarebooks,oldchinaandsimilarworksofart.TheauctionroomsatChristie'sandSotheby'sinLondonandNewYorkareworldfamous.

Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesold？

together,calleda“lot”,isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLot1andcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.Theauctioneer'sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethagoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible.

Theauctioneermustknowfairlyaccuratelythecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoodsheisselling,andheshouldbeacquaintedwithregularbuyersofsuchgoods.Hewillnotwastetimebystartingthebiddingtoolow.Hewillalsoplayontherivalriesamonghisbuyersandsucceedingettingahightpricebyencouragingtwobusinesscompetitorstobidagainsteachother.Itislargelyonhisadvicethatasellerwillfixa“reserve”price,thatis,apricebelowwhichthegoodscannotbesold.Eventhebestauctioneers,however,finditdifficulttostopa“knockout”,wherebydealersillegallyarrangebeforehandnottobidagainsteachother,butnominateoneofthemselvesastheonlybidder,inthehopeofbuyinggoodsatextremelylowprices.Ifsucha“knock-out”comesoff,therealauctionsaletakesplaceprivatelyafterwardsamongthedealers.

6.Acandleusedtoburnatauctionsales________.

A.becausetheytookplaceatnight

B.asasignalforthecrowdtogather

C.tokeeptheauctioneerwarm

D.tolimitthetimewhenofferscouldbemade

7.Anauctioncataloguegivesprospectivebuyers________.

A.thecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoods

B.detailsofthegoodstobesold

C.theorderinwhichgoodsmustbesold

D.freeadmissiontotheauctionsale

8.Theauctioneermaydecidetosellthe“lots”outoforderbecause________.？

？

A.hesometimeswantstoconfusethebuyers

B.heknowsfromexperiencethatcertainpeoplewillwanttobuycertainitems

C.hewantstokeepcertainpeoplewaiting

D.hewantstoreducethenumberofbuyers

9.Anauctioneerlikestogethighpricesforthegoodshesellsbecause________.

A.thenheearnsmorehimself

B.thedealersarepleased

C.theauction-roomsbecomeworldfamous

D.itkeepsthecustomersinterested

10.A“knockout”？

isarranged________.

A.tokeepthepriceintheauctionroomlow

B.toallowonedealeronlytomakeaprofit

C.toincreasetheauctioneer'sprofit

D.tohelptheauctioneer

Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicsandthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieu'sviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.？



TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrageshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoon（季风）fromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromother？

？

Directionswerealsoreduced.

PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferenthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulation.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciations（冰蚀）hadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationtherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefrom