武汉大学 博士研究生入学 英语试题及详解Word文件下载.docx

武汉大学 博士研究生入学 英语试题及详解Word文件下载.docx

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TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauction,andtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatinAutcio,meaning"

increase"

.TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar;

thesesaleswerecalledsubhasta,meaning"

underthespear"

aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacrowdtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,goodswereoftensold"

bythecandle"

:

ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.

（history）→how

Practicallyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,rarebooks,oldchinaandsimilarworksofart.Theauction-roomsasChristie'

sandSotheby'

sinLondonandNewYorkareworld-famous.（goods/items）→how

Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,calleda"

lot"

isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLotIandcontinueinnumericalorder;

hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.Theauctioneer'

sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible.（process）→how（363words）

1.Whyistheendofthebiddingcalled"

?

（fact/detail）

A.Becausetheauctioneerknocksthebuyerdown.

B.Becausetheauctioneersknockstherostrumdown.

C.Becausethegoodsareknockeddownontothetable.

D.Becausetheauctioneerbangsthetablewithahammer.

2.TheRomansusedtosellbyauction_____.（fact/detail）

A.spoiltgoods

B.oldworn-outweapons

C.propertytakenfromtheenemy

D.spears

3.Acandleusedtobumatauctionsales______.（judgment/inference）

A.becausetheytookplaceatnight

B.asasignalforthecrowdtogather

C.tokeeptheauctioneerwarm

D.tolimitthetimewhenofferscouldbemade

4.Theauctioneermaydecidetosellthe"

lots"

outoftheorderbecause_____.

A.hesometimeswantstoconfusethebuyers

B.heknowsfromexperiencethatcertainpeoplewillwanttobuycertainitems

C.hewantstokeepcertainpeoplewaiting

D.hewantstoreducethenumberofbuyers

（judgment/inference）

Questios5to8arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Spaceisadangerousplace,notonlybecauseofmeteorsbutalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.

Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Dosesofradiationaremeasuredinunitscalled'

rems'

.WeallreceiveradiationhereonEarthfromthesun,fromcosmicraysandfromradioactiveminerals.The'

normal'

doseofradiationthatwereceiveeachyearisabout100millirems;

itvariesaccordingtowhereyoulive,andthisisaveryroughestimate.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthanthiswithoutbeingdamaged,thefigureof60remshasbeenagreed.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage--apersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofchildrenorevengrandchildren.what

EarlyspaceprobesshowedthatradiationvariesindifferentpartsofspacearoundtheEarth.Italsovariesintimebecause,whengreatspurtsofgasshootoutofthesun,theyareaccompaniedbyalotofextraradiation.Someestimatesoftheamountofradiationinspace,basedonvariousmeasurementsandcalculations,areaslowas10remsperyear,othersareashighas5remsperhour.MissionstothemoonhavehadtocrosstheVanAllenbeltsofhighradiationand,duringtheoutwardandreturnjourneys,theApollo8crewaccumulatedatotaldoseofabout200milliremsperman.ItwashopedthattherewouldnotbeanylargesolarflaresduringthetimesoftheApollonoonwalksbecausethewallsoftheLEMswerenotthickenoughtoprotectthemeninside,thoughthecommandmodulesdidgivereasonableprotection.Sofar,nodangerousdosesofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheGeminiorbitsandtheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphere,workinginaspacelaboratoryorinabaseonthemoon.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.Atpresent,radiationseemstobethegreatestphysicalhazardtospacetravelers,butitisimpossibletosayjusthowseriousthehazardwillturnouttobeinthefuture.

how（422words）

5.Scientistshavefixedasafetylevelof_____.（fact/detail）

A.10remsperyear

B.60remsperyear

C.100milliremesperyear

D.5remshour

6.Thespacemenwereworriedaboutsolarflareswhentheywere______.

A.crossingtheVanAllenbelts

B.settingupamoonbase

C.exploringthesurfaceofthemoon

D.waitinginthecommandmodule

7.Whenmenspendlongperiodsinspacehowwilltheyprotectthemselves?

A.Bytakingspecialdrugs.

B.Bywearingspecialsuits.

C.Byusingaprotectiveblanket.

D.Nosolutionhasbeenfoundyet.

8.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

A.Thegrandchildrenofastronautsaredeformed.

B.Thechildrenofastronautshavedamagedsexorgans.

C.Radiationdamagemayshowonlyinlatergenerations.

D.Radiationdoesnotseemtobeveryharmful.

Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholders.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses'

paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptions,sothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.

ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica'

slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheirlead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?

ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.What（idea--attitude）

Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss'

sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.

Why-what

Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,"

independent"

boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformance.Why-how

Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover$1billionwhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher'

sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany'

soverallsuccess.How

Inshort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage--whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:

anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.（360words）What

9.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?

A.Todiversifythebusinessofcorporation

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.

D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.

10.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal'

sstudysuggest?

（judgment/inference）but

A.Boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult.

B.Outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent.

C.Withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously.

D.Cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssuffere