商(商学精要)期末重点整理版Word格式.doc
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•PlannedEconomy:
Ø
Aneconomicsysteminwhichthegovernmentownsandoperatesallsourcesofproduction
•MarketEconomy:
Aneconomicsysteminwhichbuyersandsellersinteract([ˌɪntər'
æ
kt]相互作用;
互相影响)basedonfreedomofchoice
MixedEconomies:
PlannedandMarket
•Theeconomiesofmostcountriesincludebothplannedandmarketelements.
5.Distinguishbetweenmicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics.
Microeconomics微观经济学—studyofsmalleconomicunits,suchasindividualconsumers,families,andbusinesses.Forexample,demand&
supply,consumerchoices.
Macroeconomics宏观经济学—studyofanation’soveralleconomicissues,suchashowaneconomymaintainsandallocatesresourcesandhowgovernmentpoliciesaffectthestandardsoflivingofitscitizens.Forexample,GDP.
6.Explainthefactorsthatdrivedemandandsupply.
(1)FactorsDrivingDemand
1)Price
2)Customerpreferencesandincome
3)Pricesofsubstitute(['
sʌbstɪtju:
t]替代的)andcomplementary([ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri]互补的)items
4)Numberofbuyersinthemarket
5)Consumers’optimismaboutthefuture.
(2)FactorsDrivingSupply
•factorsofproduction(Centralroleindeterminingtheoverallsupplyofgoodsandservicesisplayedbyfactorsofproduction.)
•Otherfactorsliketaxesandthenumberofsupplierswillalsoinfluencethesupply.
7.Describeeachofthefourdifferenttypesofmarketstructuresinaprivateenterprisesystem.
Purecompetition,monopolistic[məˌnɔpəˈlistik]competition(垄断性竞争),oligopoly([ˌɒlɪ'
gɒpəlɪ]寡头,求过于供的市场情况)andmonopoly([mə'
nɒpəlɪ]垄断)
Purecompetitionexistswhenallfirmsinanindustryaresmallandthenumberoffirmsislarge.Pricesaredeterminedbymarketforcesassupplyanddemand.
Inmonopolisticcompetition,manysellerstrytomaketheirproductsatleaseseemtobedifferentfromthoseofcompetitors.Productdifferentiationgivessellerssomecontroloverprices.
Whenanindustryhasonlyahandfulofsellers,anoligopolyexists.Theentryofnewcompetitorsishard.Andthepricesofcomparableproductsareusuallysimilar.
Amonopolyexistswhenanindustryormarkethasonlyoneproducer.Asolesupplierenjoysnearlycompletecontroloverthepricesofitsproducts.
8.Identifyanddescribethefourstagesofthebusinesscycle.
Prosperity,繁荣;
recession衰退;
depression萧条;
recovery复苏
[prɒ'
sperətɪ][rɪˈseʃn][dɪ'
preʃn]
9.Explainhowproductivity,price-levelchanges,andemploymentlevelsaffectthestabilityofanation’seconomy.
10.Discusshowmonetarypolicyandfiscalpolicyareusedtomanageaneconomy’sperformance.
MonetaryPolicy货币政策
governmentactionstoincreaseordecreasethemoneysupplyandchangebankingrequirementsandinterestratestoinfluencebanker’swillingnesstomakeloans.
FiscalPolicy财政政策
Governmentinfluenceseconomybyspendingandtaxationdecisions.Governmentusesfiscalpolicytocontrolinflations([ɪn'
fleɪʃn]通货膨胀),reduceunemployment,improvethegeneralwelfareofcitizens,andencourageeconomicgrowth.
Chapter2
1.Explaintheconceptsofbusinessethicsandsocialresponsibility.
Businessethicsarestandardsofbusinessconductandmoralvaluesbyemployeesonthejob
Socialresponsibilityreferstotheoverallwayinwhichabusinessattemptstobalanceitscommitmentstorelevantgroupsandindividualsinitssocialenvironments.
2.Describethefactorsthatinfluencebusinessethics,atindividual,organizational,legal,societallevels
Individual:
values,workbackground,familystatus,personality
Organizational:
TopLevelMgmt.Philosophy,theFirm’sRewardSystem,JobDimensions
Environmental:
Competition,economicconditions,social/culturalinstitutions
3.Listthestagesinthedevelopmentofethicalstandards.
Stage1:
Preconventional
Individualismainlylookingoutforhisorherinterest.Rulesarefollowedonlyoutoffearofpunishmentorhopeofreward.
Stage2:
Conventional
Individualconsiderstheinterestsandexpectationsofothersinmakingdecisions.Rulesarerulesarefollowedbecauseitisapartofbelongtothegroups.
Stage3:
postconventional
Individualfollowspersonalprinciplesforresolvingethicaldilemmas.Heorsheconsiderspersonal,groupandsocialinterests.
4.Identifycommonethicaldilemmasintheworkplace.
Conflictofinterest,honestyandintegrity(正直),loyaltyVStruth,whistle-blowing(揭发).
5.Discusshoworganizationsshapeethicalbehavior.
6.Summarizetheresponsibilitiesofbusinesstothegeneralpublic,customers,employeesandinvestors.
ResponsibilitiestotheGeneralPublic
a)PublicHealthIssues
b)ProtectingtheEnvironment
Greenwashing:
Usingadvertisingtoprojectagreenimagewithoutsubstantiallyalteringprocessesorproducts
Recycling—reprocessingofusedmaterialsforreuse
c)DevelopingtheQualityoftheWorkforce
d)CorporatePhilanthropy([fɪ'
læ
nθrəpɪ]慈善事业)
ResponsibilityTowardCustomers
ConsumerRights,UnfairPricing,EthicsinAdvertising
ResponsibilityTowardEmployees
WorkplaceSafety;
QualityofLifeIssues…….
ResponsibilityTowardInvestors
Improperfinancialmanagement;
Checkkiting空头;
Insidertrading;
Misrepresentationoffinances
7.ExplaindifferentstancesinCSR
Defensive
Stance
防卫立场
Obstructionist
阻碍立场
[əb'
strʌkʃənɪst]
Accommodative
接纳立场
[ə'
kɒmə'
deɪtɪv]
Proactive
积极立场
Lowest
Highest
ActivelyAvoidsResponsibility
DoesLegalMinimum
RespondstoRequests
ActivelySeeksOpportunitiestoContribute
Chapter3
1.Identifytheindustriesinwhichmostsmallfirmsareestablished
Services,retailing([ˈri:
teɪlɪŋ]零售业),construction建筑业,wholesaling批发,financeandinsurance,manufacturing制造业,transportation.
2.Comparetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsmallbusinesses.
Smallfirmscanoftenoperatewithgreaterflexibilitythanlargercorporationscanachieve.Thisflexibilityallowssmallbusinesstodevelopinnovativeproducts,lowercosts,providesuperiorcustomerservice,andfillisolatedniches.['
aɪsəleɪtɪd]偏远的[nɪtʃiz]商机
However,smallbusinessalsomustoperatewithfewerresourcesthanlargecorporationscanapply.Asaresult,theymustsufferfromfinanciallimitationsandmanagementshortcomings.Taxesandgovernmentregulationcanalsoimposeexcessiveburdensonsmallbusiness.
3.Explainhowfranchisingcanprovideopportunitiesforbothfranchisorsandfranchisees.(找不到)
Franchiseesbenefitfromtheparentcorporations'
experienceandexpertise.Thefranchisermaypickthestorelocation,negotiatethelease,purchaseequipment,andsupportfinancing.Franchisingoffersthebenefitofbrandrecognition,whichcanmakeiteasiertoattractcustomersandreducethecostspfadvertisingaswellasincreasethelikelihoodofsuccess.
4.Definethetermentrepreneuranddistinguishamongentrepreneurs,small-businessowners,andmanagers.(找不齐)
Entrepreneur:
Businesspersonwhoacceptstherisksandopportunitiesofcreating,operatingandgrowinganewbusiness
SmallBusinessOwner:
Doesnothaveplansforgrowth.
5.Startingandfundingasmallbusiness
•StartingfromScratch[skræ
tʃ]从零开始;
从头做起;
白手起家
Disadvantage:
Higherriskofbusinessfailure
Advantage:
Avoidsproblemsofanexistingbusiness
•BuyinganExistingBusiness
Someprefernottoassumetherisksofstartinganewfirm
Franchising
vAnotherlessriskywaytobeginabusiness
a)Cf.equityfinancinganddebtfinancing
6.Identifythreedifferenttypesofentrepreneurs.企业家
•Classicentrepreneurs—personwhoseesabusinessopportunityanduseresourcestotapthatmarket.
•Intrapreneur—personwhodevelopsinnovationswithinalargeorganization.[ɪntræ
prə'
ni:
ɜ:
]内企业家,内部创业者
•ChangeAgent—managerwhotriestorevitalizeanestablishedfirmtokeepitcompetitive.[ˌri:
'
vaɪtəlaɪz]vt.使恢复元气;
使新生;
使复兴
7.Identifypersonalitytraitsthattypicallycharacterizesuccessfulentrepreneurs.
Successfulentrepreneursmayhaveseveraltraits,includingvision,highenergylevel,needtoachieve,self-confidenceandoptimism,toleranceforfailure,creativity,toleranceforambiguity,andinternationallocusofcontrol.
1)Areresourcefulandopen-minded
2)Areconcernedaboutgoodcustomerrelations
3)Desiretobetheirownboss
4)Candealwithuncertaintyandrisk
5)Relyonnetworks,businessplans,andconsensus
8.Summarizethethreebasicformsofbusinessownershipandtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachform.
1)SoleProprietorships([prə'
praɪətəʃɪp]所有权)个人独资企业
Disadvantages:
•UnlimitedLiability
•Limitedresources
•Limitedfundraisingcapability
•Lackofcontinuity
Advantages:
•Freedom
•Simpletoform
•Lowstartupcosts
•Taxbenefits
2)Partnerships合伙企业
•Unlimitedliability
•Disagreementsamongpartners