商(商学精要)期末重点整理版.doc

商(商学精要)期末重点整理版.doc

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Chapter1

1.Definebusinessandprofits

Business-----Anorganizationthatprovidesgoodsandservicestoearnprofits

Profits:

Thepositivedifferencebetweenrevenuesandexpenses

Ürewardsforbusinesspeoplewhotaketherisks

2.Distinguishbetweenbusinessandnot-for-profitorganizations

•Businessconsistsofallprofit-seekingactivitiesandenterprisesthatprovidegoodsandservicesnecessarytoaneconomicsystem.['entəpraɪz]事业，项目

Not-for-profitorganizationsarebusinesslikeestablishments（机构;团体;企业）thathaveprimaryobjectivesotherthanreturningprofitstotheirowners.Itoperatesinbothpublicserviceandprivatesector（部门，行业，领域）.

3.Identifythefactorsofproduction.

Labor,capital,entrepreneurs（[ˌɒntrəprə'nɜ:

（r）]企业家）,physicalresources,informationresources.

4.Globaleconomicsystems

Plannedeconomy,marketeconomyandmixedeconomies

•PlannedEconomy:

ØAneconomicsysteminwhichthegovernmentownsandoperatesallsourcesofproduction

•MarketEconomy:

ØAneconomicsysteminwhichbuyersandsellersinteract（[ˌɪntər'ækt]相互作用；互相影响）basedonfreedomofchoice

MixedEconomies:

PlannedandMarket

•Theeconomiesofmostcountriesincludebothplannedandmarketelements.

5.Distinguishbetweenmicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics.

Microeconomics微观经济学—studyofsmalleconomicunits,suchasindividualconsumers,families,andbusinesses.Forexample,demand&supply,consumerchoices.

Macroeconomics宏观经济学—studyofanation’soveralleconomicissues,suchashowaneconomymaintainsandallocatesresourcesandhowgovernmentpoliciesaffectthestandardsoflivingofitscitizens.Forexample,GDP.

6.Explainthefactorsthatdrivedemandandsupply.

（1）FactorsDrivingDemand

1）Price

2）Customerpreferencesandincome

3）Pricesofsubstitute（['sʌbstɪtju:

t]替代的）andcomplementary（[ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri]互补的）items

4）Numberofbuyersinthemarket

5）Consumers’optimismaboutthefuture.

（2）FactorsDrivingSupply

•factorsofproduction（Centralroleindeterminingtheoverallsupplyofgoodsandservicesisplayedbyfactorsofproduction.）

•Otherfactorsliketaxesandthenumberofsupplierswillalsoinfluencethesupply.

7.Describeeachofthefourdifferenttypesofmarketstructuresinaprivateenterprisesystem.

Purecompetition，monopolistic[məˌnɔpəˈlistik]competition（垄断性竞争），oligopoly（[ˌɒlɪ'gɒpəlɪ]寡头,求过于供的市场情况）andmonopoly（[mə'nɒpəlɪ]垄断）

Purecompetitionexistswhenallfirmsinanindustryaresmallandthenumberoffirmsislarge.Pricesaredeterminedbymarketforcesassupplyanddemand.

Inmonopolisticcompetition,manysellerstrytomaketheirproductsatleaseseemtobedifferentfromthoseofcompetitors.Productdifferentiationgivessellerssomecontroloverprices.

Whenanindustryhasonlyahandfulofsellers,anoligopolyexists.Theentryofnewcompetitorsishard.Andthepricesofcomparableproductsareusuallysimilar.

Amonopolyexistswhenanindustryormarkethasonlyoneproducer.Asolesupplierenjoysnearlycompletecontroloverthepricesofitsproducts.

8.Identifyanddescribethefourstagesofthebusinesscycle.

Prosperity,繁荣；recession衰退；depression萧条；recovery复苏

[prɒ'sperətɪ][rɪˈseʃn][dɪ'preʃn]

9.Explainhowproductivity,price-levelchanges,andemploymentlevelsaffectthestabilityofanation’seconomy.

10.Discusshowmonetarypolicyandfiscalpolicyareusedtomanageaneconomy’sperformance.

MonetaryPolicy货币政策

governmentactionstoincreaseordecreasethemoneysupplyandchangebankingrequirementsandinterestratestoinfluencebanker’swillingnesstomakeloans.

FiscalPolicy财政政策

Governmentinfluenceseconomybyspendingandtaxationdecisions.Governmentusesfiscalpolicytocontrolinflations（[ɪn'fleɪʃn]通货膨胀）,reduceunemployment,improvethegeneralwelfareofcitizens,andencourageeconomicgrowth.

Chapter2

1.Explaintheconceptsofbusinessethicsandsocialresponsibility.

Businessethicsarestandardsofbusinessconductandmoralvaluesbyemployeesonthejob

Socialresponsibilityreferstotheoverallwayinwhichabusinessattemptstobalanceitscommitmentstorelevantgroupsandindividualsinitssocialenvironments.

2.Describethefactorsthatinfluencebusinessethics,atindividual,organizational,legal,societallevels

Individual:

values,workbackground,familystatus,personality

Organizational:

TopLevelMgmt.Philosophy,theFirm’sRewardSystem,JobDimensions

Environmental:

Competition,economicconditions,social/culturalinstitutions

3.Listthestagesinthedevelopmentofethicalstandards.

Stage1:

Preconventional

Individualismainlylookingoutforhisorherinterest.Rulesarefollowedonlyoutoffearofpunishmentorhopeofreward.

Stage2:

Conventional

Individualconsiderstheinterestsandexpectationsofothersinmakingdecisions.Rulesarerulesarefollowedbecauseitisapartofbelongtothegroups.

Stage3:

postconventional

Individualfollowspersonalprinciplesforresolvingethicaldilemmas.Heorsheconsiderspersonal,groupandsocialinterests.

4.Identifycommonethicaldilemmasintheworkplace.

Conflictofinterest,honestyandintegrity（正直）,loyaltyVStruth,whistle-blowing（揭发）.

5.Discusshoworganizationsshapeethicalbehavior.

6.Summarizetheresponsibilitiesofbusinesstothegeneralpublic,customers,employeesandinvestors.

ResponsibilitiestotheGeneralPublic

a）PublicHealthIssues

b）ProtectingtheEnvironment

Greenwashing:

Usingadvertisingtoprojectagreenimagewithoutsubstantiallyalteringprocessesorproducts

Recycling—reprocessingofusedmaterialsforreuse

c）DevelopingtheQualityoftheWorkforce

d）CorporatePhilanthropy（[fɪ'lænθrəpɪ]慈善事业）

ResponsibilityTowardCustomers

ConsumerRights,UnfairPricing,EthicsinAdvertising

ResponsibilityTowardEmployees

WorkplaceSafety;QualityofLifeIssues…….

ResponsibilityTowardInvestors

Improperfinancialmanagement;Checkkiting空头;Insidertrading;

Misrepresentationoffinances

7.ExplaindifferentstancesinCSR

Defensive

Stance

防卫立场

Obstructionist

Stance

阻碍立场

[əb'strʌkʃənɪst]

Accommodative

Stance

接纳立场

[ə'kɒmə'deɪtɪv]

Proactive

Stance

积极立场

Lowest

Highest

ActivelyAvoidsResponsibility

DoesLegalMinimum

RespondstoRequests

ActivelySeeksOpportunitiestoContribute

Chapter3

1.Identifytheindustriesinwhichmostsmallfirmsareestablished

Services,retailing（[ˈri:

teɪlɪŋ]零售业）,construction建筑业,wholesaling批发,financeandinsurance,manufacturing制造业,transportation.

2.Comparetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsmallbusinesses.

Smallfirmscanoftenoperatewithgreaterflexibilitythanlargercorporationscanachieve.Thisflexibilityallowssmallbusinesstodevelopinnovativeproducts,lowercosts,providesuperiorcustomerservice,andfillisolatedniches.['aɪsəleɪtɪd]偏远的[nɪtʃiz]商机

However,smallbusinessalsomustoperatewithfewerresourcesthanlargecorporationscanapply.Asaresult,theymustsufferfromfinanciallimitationsandmanagementshortcomings.Taxesandgovernmentregulationcanalsoimposeexcessiveburdensonsmallbusiness.

3.Explainhowfranchisingcanprovideopportunitiesforbothfranchisorsandfranchisees.（找不到）

Franchiseesbenefitfromtheparentcorporations'experienceandexpertise.Thefranchisermaypickthestorelocation,negotiatethelease,purchaseequipment,andsupportfinancing.Franchisingoffersthebenefitofbrandrecognition,whichcanmakeiteasiertoattractcustomersandreducethecostspfadvertisingaswellasincreasethelikelihoodofsuccess.

4.Definethetermentrepreneuranddistinguishamongentrepreneurs,small-businessowners,andmanagers.（找不齐）

Entrepreneur:

Businesspersonwhoacceptstherisksandopportunitiesofcreating,operatingandgrowinganewbusiness

SmallBusinessOwner:

Doesnothaveplansforgrowth.

5.Startingandfundingasmallbusiness

•StartingfromScratch[skrætʃ]从零开始;从头做起;白手起家

ØDisadvantage:

Higherriskofbusinessfailure

ØAdvantage:

Avoidsproblemsofanexistingbusiness

•BuyinganExistingBusiness

ØSomeprefernottoassumetherisksofstartinganewfirm

Franchising

vAnotherlessriskywaytobeginabusiness

a）Cf.equityfinancinganddebtfinancing

6.Identifythreedifferenttypesofentrepreneurs.企业家

•Classicentrepreneurs—personwhoseesabusinessopportunityanduseresourcestotapthatmarket.

•Intrapreneur—personwhodevelopsinnovationswithinalargeorganization.[ɪntræprə'ni:

ɜ:

]内企业家,内部创业者

•ChangeAgent—managerwhotriestorevitalizeanestablishedfirmtokeepitcompetitive.[ˌri:

'vaɪtəlaɪz]vt.使恢复元气；使新生；使复兴

7.Identifypersonalitytraitsthattypicallycharacterizesuccessfulentrepreneurs.

Successfulentrepreneursmayhaveseveraltraits,includingvision,highenergylevel,needtoachieve,self-confidenceandoptimism,toleranceforfailure,creativity,toleranceforambiguity,andinternationallocusofcontrol.

1）Areresourcefulandopen-minded

2）Areconcernedaboutgoodcustomerrelations

3）Desiretobetheirownboss

4）Candealwithuncertaintyandrisk

5）Relyonnetworks,businessplans,andconsensus

8.Summarizethethreebasicformsofbusinessownershipandtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachform.

1）SoleProprietorships（[prə'praɪətəʃɪp]所有权）个人独资企业

Disadvantages:

•UnlimitedLiability

•Limitedresources

•Limitedfundraisingcapability

•Lackofcontinuity

Advantages:

•Freedom

•Simpletoform

•Lowstartupcosts

•Taxbenefits

2）Partnerships合伙企业

Disadvantages:

•Unlimitedliability

•Disagreementsamongpartners