大学英语语法6连接词PPT资料.ppt

大学英语语法6连接词PPT资料.ppt

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ConjunctionsGrammar:

ConjunctionsWriting:

Correcting:

AntecedentProblemsRewriting:

Howtocombineintocompoundsentences,Conjunctions,Conjunctionsarewordsthatjoinsinglewordsorgroupsofwords.Theycanbesubdividedintocoordinatingconjunctions,correlativeconjunctionsandsubordinatingconjunctions.1.CoordinatingconjunctionsCoordinatingconjunctionsjoinwordsorgroupsofwordsthathaveequalgrammaticalimportanceinasentence.Basically,thereareonlysevencoordinatingconjunctions:

and,but,or,so,nor,forandyet.Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantfacts.Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantstatistics.Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantfactsandstatistics.Hesentthejournalisttwomorefaxes.Hereceivednoreply.Hesentthejournalisttwomorefaxes,butreceivednoreply.,Becarefulofthewordsthenandnow;

neitherisacoordinatingconjunction,sodontusethemtojointwoclausesorsentences.Hesatdownnexttome,thensaidslowly,“Kid,areyouOK?

”Hesatdownnexttomeandthensaidslowly,“Kid,areyouOK?

”Iwaitedforyourpermissionpatiently,nowitfinallycomes.Iwaitedforyourpermissionpatientlyandnowitfinallycomes.,Inaddition,ascoordinatingconjunctionsjointwogroupsofwords,theyareessentiallyplacedinthemiddleofasentence,rarelyasopeners.Foritisrainy,heiscarryinganumbrella.Heiscarryinganumbrella,foritisrainy.,2.CorrelativeconjunctionsCorrelativeconjunctionsalwaysworkinpairstojoinbalancedwords,phrasesandclauses.bothandeitherorneithernornotonlybut（also）whetherorifthennosoonerthanhardlywhenscarcelywhenwouldratherthansoasThedirectorswantedtowinrecognitionfortheirwork.Thedirectorswantedtoreceiverecognitionfortheirwork.Thedirectorswantedbothtowinandtoreceiverecognitionfortheirwork.Heavyrainwouldwashawaythesoil.Heavyrainwouldcauseseriousfloodsaswell.Heavyrainwouldnotonlywashawaythesoilbutalsocauseseriousfloodsaswell.,3.SubordinatingconjunctionsSubordinatingconjunctionsjointwoclauses,orthoughts,insuchawayastomakeonegrammaticallydependentontheother.Thetwopartsareofdifferentimportance.Themoreimportantoneisalwaysamainclause.Theotherisasubordinateclause.Belowisalistofthemostfamiliarsubordinateconjunctions:

afteralthoughasasifaslongasasthoughbecausebeforeifoncesincethanthoughthatinorderthatprovidedthatso（that）tilluntilwhowhenwherewhilewhetherhowwhateverwheneverwhoever,Mr.Thompsonisgoingtosellthehouse.Thehouseishaunted.Mr.Thompsonisgoingtosellthehousebecauseitishaunted.Hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcano.Hecouldtakephotographs.HecouldmeasuretemperaturesHemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcanosothathecouldtakephotographsandmeasuretemperatures.Apainterhadbeenworkingonthetower.Hehungapotofpaintononeofthehands.Heslowedtheclockdown.Apainterwhohadbeenworkingonthetowerhungapotofpaintononeofthehandsandslowedtheclockdown.,4.ConjunctiveadverbsConjunctiveadverbsareusedtoclarifytherelationshipbetweenclausesofequalgrammaticalimportanceinasentence.Unlikestandardadverbsthatmodifyonlyasinglewordorphrase,conjunctiveadverbsmodifytheentireclauseandjoinmainclausestogether.Thepossiblemeaningsofconjunctiveadverbsnumbersix.Time:

afterwards,then,finally,eventually,laterAddition:

also,furthermore,moreover,besides,inadditionCause:

asaresult,accordingly,consequently,hence,therefore,thusManner:

inshort,likewise,equally,similarlyContrast:

however,nevertheless,nonetheless,still,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,insteadExample:

forinstance,forexample,namely,thatis,Afterbreakfast,Isentthechildrentoschool.ThenIwenttotheshops.Afterbreakfast,Isentthechildrentoschool;

then,Iwenttotheshops.Peoplesentagreatmanygoodstotheexhibition.Theycamefromvariouspartsoftheworld.Inaddition,therewasagreatdealofmachinery.Theyareondisplay.Agreatmanygoodsweresenttotheexhibitionfromvariouspartsoftheworld;

inaddition,therewasagreatdealofmachineryondisplay.Mostoftheevidencewasdestroyedinthefire.Asaresult,itwouldbealmostimpossibletoprovehisguilty.Mostoftheevidencewasdestroyedinthefire;

asaresult,itwouldbealmostimpossibletoprovehisguilty.,AntecedentProblems,Apronounisawordusedinplaceofanoun.“he”,“she”,“it”,“we”,“they”and“us”,“who”,“whom”,“that”,“which”areallpronouns.Anantecedentisaword,phrase,orclausetowhichafollowingpronounrefers.Example:

Frankhasalwaysbeenfat,butthingsgotsobadrecentlythathedecidedtogoonadiet.,1.MismatchedAntecedentApronounmustagreewithitsantecedentinthreeways:

person（first,secondorthird）,number（singularorplural）andgender（masculineorfeminine）.Ifapersonismissingforsevenyears,youarepresumeddead.Ifapersonismissingforsevenyears,heorsheispresumeddead.Ifanybodycomes,lethimwait.Ifanybodycomes,lethimorherwait.（Nogenderagreement:

thelanguageappearstofavoronesexovertheother.）,2.UnclearantecedentApronounsantecedentmustbeclear.Ilovetogotothatplacebecausetheyhaveaniceviewofthelake.Ilovetogotothatplacebecauseithasaniceviewofthelake.IdontlikePolitics.Theyarealwaysarguingamongthemselves.IdontlikePolitics.Politiciansarealwaysarguingamongthemselves.SheoughttospeakChinesewell.Shelivedtherefortwoyears.SheoughttospeakChinesewell.ShelivedinChinafortwoyears.,3.AmbiguousAntecedentSometimestheremaybemorethanonewordthepronouncouldreferto.Inacaselikethat,itmaybebetternottousethepronoun.Thetreewasplantednearthechurchfiftyyearsago,butonlyinrecentyearsithasgainedanevilreputation.Thetreewasplantednearthechurchfiftyyearsago,butonlyinrecentyearsthetreehasgainedanevilreputation.Thetreewasplantednearthechurchfiftyyearsago,butonlyinrecentyearsthechurchhasgainedanevilreputation.,4.FarawayAntecedentThepronounmustbecloseenoughtotheworditisreplacingsothatyourreaderknowswhomorwhatyouaretalkingabout.In1964,anexplorerwenttoMountainKivuintheCongotoobserveanewvolcano.Hemanagedtoclimbatitstopsothathecouldtakephotographs.In1964,anexplorerwenttoMountainKivuintheCongotoobserveanewvolcano.Hemanagedtoclimbatthetopofthemountainsothathecouldtakephotographs.,Exercises:

Correctthefollowingantecedentproblems.,Everycitizenhastheirrightsandobligations.Eachandeveryoneoftheflowershastheirowncolorsandsmells.Itisimperativethateveryoneofusremoldourworldoutlooks.Playingamusicalinstrumentisavaluableexperienceforachild.Theyteachthemmanyimportantthings.IfanyoneyouknowlivedduringWorldWarII,askthemiftheyremembertheLend-LeaseAct.Itissaidthatifanyonetouchesthetree,youwillhavebadluck.Ifthepersonwantunsafecars,theywillgetit.Thereisnodoubtthateachofushasourownopinions.Seemingly,neitherofthemrememberedhisinstruction.Eitheroftheboysmaytaketheirbagsinthefrontofthetable.,Correcting:

1.theirhisorher2.theirits3.ourhisorher4.Theyit5.askthemiftheyrememberaskhimorherifheorsheremembers6.youheorshe7.theyheorshe8.ourhisorher9.hishisorher10.theirhis,Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.,Passage1（AdaptedfromLesson78,NewConceptEnglishIIbyL.G.AlexanderIreadanarticle.Itwasnamed“CigaretteSmokingandYourHealth”.Ilitacigarette.Iwantedtomakemynerveseasy.Ismoked.Ifeltpleasant.Ibelievedthiswouldbemylastcigarette.ForawholeweekIdidnotsmokeatall.Duringthistime,mywifesufferedterribly.Ihadabadtemper.Ihadalargestomach.Myfriendsgavemecigarettesandcigars.Theykeptondoingso.EverytimeItookoutapacketofsweetsfrommypocket.Theylaughedatme.,Inthisway,sevendayslater,Iwenttoaparty.Everybodyaroundmewassmoking.Ifeltveryuncomfortable.MyoldfriendBrainaskedmetoreceiveacigarette.Icouldbearnomore.Itookone.Ilitit.Ismokedsatisfactorily.IfeltIdidsomethingwrong.Thingscamebacktonormalagain.Mywifewashappy.Togiveupsmokingistheeasiestthing.Brainsaidso.Hehimselfhasgivenupsmokingmanytimes.,