哈佛公开课公正该如何做是好ReadingsWord格式文档下载.docx

哈佛公开课公正该如何做是好ReadingsWord格式文档下载.docx

《哈佛公开课公正该如何做是好ReadingsWord格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《哈佛公开课公正该如何做是好ReadingsWord格式文档下载.docx（37页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

LEC 

#

TOPICS

READINGS

1

ProblemsofJusticeinaDemocraticSociety

I.Utilitarianism

2

HedonisticUtilitarianism

Bentham,Jeremy.IntroductiontothePrinciplesofMoralsandLegislation.NewYork,NY:

OxfordUniversityPress,1996,chapters1,4,13,and17（sec.1）.ISBN:

9780198205166.

StudyQuestions

-WhatisBentham'

s"

principleofutility"

or"

greatesthappinessprinciple"

?

-Benthamsaysthatpleasureistheonlythingthatisgoodinitself.Isheright?

Whataboutknowledge?

Orbeauty?

Orachievingtheaimsyousetforyourself?

-Canyoumakeautilitariancaseagainstslavery?

Considerthreecases,andworkouttheargumentforeach:

（i）slavesareonly10%ofthepopulation;

（ii）slavesareaquarterofthepopulation,butaremembersofasociallyoutcastgroup;

（iii）theslavesareamajorityofthepopulation,anddobackbreakingworkinmines,butareveryproductive.

-Isthelegalenforcementofacommunity'

smoralcodesuchabadthing?

DoesBenthammakeapersuasivecaseagainstit?

（Whatdoeshemeanwhenhesaysitisunprofitable?

）Canyouthinkoflawsthatregulateconductbecausetheconductisimmoral?

Whatdoyouthinkofthoselaws?

3

TheEnforcementofMorals

Bowersvs.Hardwicketal.,478U.S.186（1986）.（PDF）

Lawrencevs.Texas,（2003）（PDF）

CongregationfortheDoctrineoftheFaith."

ConsiderationsRegardingProposalstoGiveLegalRecognitiontoUnionsbetweenHomosexualPersons."

- 

Doesthefact 

thatsodomyviolatescommonmorality 

（assumingthatitdoes） 

providealegitimatereasonforcriminalizingit?

-Whatisthedistinctionbetweentheclaimthatsodomyviolatesthecommonmoralityinasociety,andtheclaimthatitiscondemnedbythemoralviewsofthemajorityinsociety?

Doesthatdistinctionmakeadifference?

-Utilitarianshavetraditionallyopposedtheenforcementofmorality.Dotheyhaveaconvincingutilitariancaseagainstit?

-Aretherereasonsforopposingtheenforcementofmoralitythatstrikeyouasmoreconvincingthantheutilitarianargument?

-Ifanti-sodomylawsareunacceptable,thenwhataboutbansongayandlesbianmarriage?

Aretheypermissible?

Isthereacaseforpreservingabanongayandlesbianmarriagethatdoesnotdependonjudgmentsaboutsexualmorality?

4

ANewAccountoftheHumanGood

Mill,JohnStuart.Utilitarianism.Indianapolis,IN:

HackettPublishing,2002,chapters1-2.ISBN:

9780872206052.

-WhatisMill'

sdistinctionbetweenhigherandlowerqualitypleasures?

Whatdoesitmeantosaythatthequalityofapleasureishigher,notjustthatthequantityisgreater?

-IsMillrightaboutthekindsofpleasuresthat"

competentjudges"

decidedlyprefer?

Whoarethesejudges,andwhyshouldtheirjudgmentsprovideabasisfordecidingaboutthequalityofpleasuresandthegoodnessoflives?

-DoesMill'

shigher/lowerdistinctionreflectanobjectionableelitism,andanundueemphasisonintellectualpleasures?

-Isitbetter,asMillsays,tobeSocratesdissatisfiedthanthefoolsatisfied?

Why?

IsthatbecauseSocrateshasbetterpleasures,orforsomeotherreason?

5

TheBenefitsofFreedom

Mill,JohnStuart.OnLiberty.NewYork,NY:

PenguinBooks,1982,chapters1-3.ISBN:

9780140432077.

-MillsaysthatOnLibertydefends"

oneverysimpleprinciple."

Whatisthatprinciple?

-HowwouldMillrespondtorestrictionsonracisthatespeech,orpornography,orslander?

-HowdoesMillargueforhis"

simpleprinciple"

onutilitariangrounds?

Howisthegeneralwelfareimprovedbytoleratingreligious,philosophical,andmoraldissent?

Whatarethecostsofsuchtoleration?

Whydothebenefitsoutweighthecosts?

-Doyouthinkthatconductoughtonlytoberegulatedifitisharmfultoothers?

Canyouthinkofcasesinwhichconductoughttoberegulatedinthenameoftheperson'

sownwelfare（drugs,seatbelts）,orbecauseitisrepulsive（bestiality）,orbecauseitisoffensivetoothers（publicsex）,orbecauseitisjudgedtobewrong（suicide,physician-assistedsuicide）?

-IfyouarenotconvincedofMill'

sutilitarianrationaleforhisprincipleofliberty,canyouthinkofamoreconvincingrationale?

6

FreeExerciseandReligiousAccommodations

Sherbertvs.Verner,374U.S.398（1963）.（PDF）

EmploymentDivisionvs.Smith,494U.S.872（1990）.（PDF）

-Whyarereligiousconvictionsimportant?

Aretheymoreimportantthanculturalcommitments?

-Supposethereareexemptionsonreligiousgroundsfromgeneralapplicablecriminallaws.Dosuchexemptionspromiseanarchy?

-Doexemptionsamounttofavoritism,orakindofreligiousEstablishment?

-DoyouthinkthereoughttobeexemptionsofthekindexploredinSherbertvs.VernerorEmploymentDivisionvs.Smith?

Shouldtherebeculturalexemptionsaswell?

-Isthereacompellingutilitariancaseinfavorofreligiousexemptions?

Doesutilitarianismhaveagoodwaytocapturethenatureoftheburdenonreligiouslibertywhentherearenoexemptions?

II.Libertarianism

7-8

TheMinimalStateandPossessiveLibertarianism

Nozick,Robert.Anarchy,State,andUtopia.Cambridge,MA:

PerseusBooks,2007,pp.xi-xiv,3-6,10-17,22-35,48-56,101-119,149-164,167-182,and232-238.ISBN:

-WhatbasicrightsdoesNozickattributetoindividuals,andwhydoeshesupposethatwehavethoserights?

-Whatisaminimalstate,anddoesNozickhaveaplausiblestoryofhowthestatecouldemergeinamorallypermissibleway,withoutviolatinganyone'

srights?

-HowdoestheideaofequalitybeforethelawfitintoNozick'

sminimalstate?

Doestheminimalstateprovideanyassuranceofaruleoflaw?

-Nozicksaysthatpeopleownthemselves（pp.171-172）?

Whatdoesthatmean?

Doyouagree?

-WhatdoesNozickmeanwhenhesaysthat"

libertyupsetspatterns?

"

-Istaxationonwagesthemoralequivalentofforcedlabor?

Canyouseeanydifferencesbetweentaxationonearningsfromlaborandforcedlabor?

Arethesedifferencesofmoralsignificance?

9

LibertyandLaborMarketRegulation

Lochnervs.NewYork,198U.S.45（1905）.（PDF）

Coppagevs.Kansas,236U.S.1（1915）.（PDF）

WestCoastHotelvs.Parrish,300U.S.379（1937）.（PDF）

-WhydoestheLochnerCourtthinkitisillegitimateforthestatetoregulatelabormarketsinordertoredressinequalitiesofbargainingpowerbetweenemployersandemployees?

Aretheresuchinequalities?

Whataretheimplicationsofthoseinequalitiesforwagesandworkingconditions?

-Isitpaternalisticforthelegislaturetotrytocorrectforinequalitiesofbargainingpower?

Dosuchregulationsmakeworkers"

wardsofthestate?

（Isitpaternalistictoprotectapersonfromphysicalassault?

）

-Areminimumwagelawsorworkplacehealthandsafetyregulationsobjectionablypaternalistic?

-DoesNozick'

slibertarianphilosophyechothereasoninginLochnerandCoppage?

10

LibertyandtheRuleofLaw

Locke,John.SecondTreatiseofGovernment.ArlingtonHeights,IL:

H.Davidson,1982,chapter11.ISBN:

9780882951256.

Hayek,Friedrich.TheConstitutionofLiberty.Chicago,IL:

UniversityofChicagoPress,1978,chapter10.ISBN:

9780226320847.

-Whatistheruleoflaw?

Isthatideawell-capturedbyLocke'

srequirementthattherebe"

settledstandinglaws,"

orissomethingmoreneeded?

-Isthere,asHayekasserts,averyintimateconnectionbetweentheruleoflawandliberty?

-Lockesaysthatthereistobeoneruleforrichandpoor,forfavoriteatcourtandcountrymanatplough."

DoesNozick'

sminimalstatehavesuchuniformrulesforall?

-Lockesaysthatlawsaretobedesignedfor"

thegoodofthepeople."

Whatdoes"

thegoodofthepeople"

mean?

IsNozick'

sminimalstaterequiredtomeetthatcondition?

11-12

Choice-BasedLibertarianism

UniversityofChicagoPress,2002,introduction,chapters1,2,10,12,andconclusion.ISBN:

-WhatdoesFriedmanmeanby"

liberty?

-Whatisa"

righttoliberty,"

andwhyistheresucharight?

Areallkindsoflibertyofequalimportance?

Oraresomelibertiesmoreimportantthanothers?

-Itissometimessaid（asinthePreambletotheU.S.Constitution）thatgovernmentoughttomakelawsthatpromotethegeneralwelfare.Whatdoesthatmean?

DoesFriedmanagree?

Dolawsmadeforthegeneralwelfare（"

thegoodofthepeople,"

asLockeputit）violatethebasicrighttoliberty?

-Friedmanacceptscertainkindsofanti-povertyprogramsandpublicspendingoneduca