哈佛大学公开课《公正该如何做是好》第三课英文字幕Word格式.docx
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37,190
theSimpsonsbutthatyou
stillconsiderShakespearetobe
12
37,390-->
42,120
thehigherorthe
worthierpleasure.
13
42,670-->
48,160
That'
sthedilemmawithwhich
ourexperimentconfrontsMill.
14
48,800-->
54,060
WhataboutMill'
sattempttoaccount
fortheespeciallyweightycharacter
15
54,289-->
58,730
ofindividualrightsandjustice
inchapterfiveofUtilitarianism.
16
59,669-->
02:
07,380
Hewantstosaythatindividualrights
areworthyofspecialrespect.
17
08,400-->
10,570
Infact,hegoessofaras
tosaythatjusticeis
18
10,900-->
themostsacredpartandthe
mostincomparablybindingpart
19
15,269-->
16,480
ofmorality.
20
17,150-->
23,320
Butthesamechallengecouldbe
puttothispartofMill'
sdefense.
21
24,459-->
32,690
Whyisjusticethechiefpartand
themostbindingpartofourmorality?
22
32,870-->
35,200
Well,hesaysbecause
inthelongrun,
23
36,090-->
38,860
ifwedojusticeand
ifwerespectrights,
24
39,609-->
43,220
societyasawholewillbe
betteroffinthelongrun.
25
44,519-->
46,480
Well,whataboutthat?
26
49,590-->
52,050
Whatifwehaveacasewhere
makinganexceptionand
27
52,280-->
56,330
violatingindividualrights
actuallywillmakepeoplebetteroff
28
56,560-->
57,170
inthelongrun?
29
57,350-->
03:
00,310
Isitallrightthen
tousepeople?
30
00,980-->
04,120
Andthereisafurtherobjection
thatcouldberaised
31
04,220-->
07,460
againstMill'
scasefor
justiceandrights.
32
07,560-->
Supposetheutilitarian
calculusinthelongrun
33
10,829-->
16,010
worksoutashesaysitwillsuch
thatrespectingpeople'
srights
34
17,780-->
21,550
isawayofmakingeverybody
35
21,700-->
24,420
Isthattherightreason?
36
24,570-->
28,130
Isthattheonlyreason
torespectpeople?
37
29,450-->
32,480
Ifthedoctorgoesinand
yankstheorgansfrom
38
32,590-->
34,970
thehealthypatientwho
cameinforacheckup
39
35,149-->
37,010
tosavefivelives,
40
38,179-->
41,240
therewouldbeadverse
effectsinthelongrun.
41
41,570-->
44,470
Eventually,peoplewould
learnaboutthisand
42
44,679-->
46,910
wouldstopgoing
inforcheckups.
43
47,369-->
49,130
Isittherightreason?
44
50,480-->
54,430
Istheonlyreasonthatyouasa
doctorwon'
tyanktheorgans
45
54,660-->
59,030
outofthehealthypatient
thatyouthink,well,
46
59,260-->
04:
05,850
ifIusehiminthisway,inthe
longrunmoreliveswouldbelost?
47
07,280-->
10,520
Oristhereanotherreason
havingtodowithintrinsicrespect
48
10,780-->
13,030
forthepersonas
anindividual?
49
13,420-->
17,730
Andifthatreasonmatters
andit'
snotsoclear
50
17,830-->
22,430
thatevenMill'
sutilitarianism
cantakeaccountofit,
51
29,150
fullytoexaminethesetwo
worriesorobjections,
52
30,420-->
35,230
toMill'
sdefensewe
needtopushfurther.
53
36,590-->
41,430
Andweneedtoaskinthecase
ofhigherorworthierpleasures
54
42,909-->
47,880
aretheretheoriesofthegood
lifethatcanprovide
55
48,110-->
53,550
independentmoralstandards
fortheworthofpleasure?
56
54,919-->
58,220
Ifso,whatdotheylooklike?
sonequestion.
57
59,440-->
05:
Inthecaseofjusticeandrights,
ifwesuspectthatMill
58
04,330-->
07,340
isimplicitlyleaningon
notionsofhumandignity
59
07,460-->
12,850
orrespectforpersonthatare
notstrictlyspeakingutilitarian,
60
13,710-->
16,720
weneedtolooktoseewhether
therearesomestrongertheories
61
16,890-->
22,980
ofrightsthatcanexplainthe
intuitionwhichevenMillshares,
62
23,400-->
26,750
theintuitionthatthereason
forrespectingindividuals
63
26,849-->
34,950
andnotusingthemgoesbeyond
evenutilityinthelongrun.
64
37,820-->
43,360
Today,weturntooneofthose
strongtheoriesofrights.
65
44,609-->
49,710
Strongtheoriesofrightsay
individualsmatternotjustas
66
49,859-->
53,570
instrumentstobeusedfor
alargersocialpurpose
67
56,080-->
58,360
orforthesakeof
maximizingutility,
68
59,190-->
06:
05,180
individualsareseparatebeings
withseparatelivesworthyofrespect.
69
07,000-->
10,010
Andsoit'
samistake,
accordingtostrongtheories
70
10,210-->
14,710
orrights,it'
samistake
tothinkaboutjustice
71
14,810-->
21,660
orlawbyjustaddingup
preferencesandvalues.
72
22,169-->
25,470
Thestrongrightstheory
weturntotodayis
73
25,570-->
27,510
libertarianism.
74
28,260-->
32,580
Libertarianismtakes
individualrightsseriously.
75
33,799-->
35,550
It'
scalledlibertarianism
becauseitsays
76
35,840-->
39,920
thefundamentalindividual
rightistherighttoliberty
77
42,520-->
46,890
preciselybecauseweare
separateindividualbeings.
78
48,659-->
53,470
We'
renotavailableto
anyusethatthesociety
79
53,700-->
57,180
mightdesireordevise
80
57,280-->
07:
00,210
individualseparate
humanbeings.
81
01,570-->
04,240
Wehaveafundamental
righttoliberty,
82
04,490-->
10,290
andthatmeansaright
tochoosefreely,
83
10,760-->
12,930
toliveourlives
asweplease
84
13,159-->
16,930
providedwerespectother
people'
srightstodothesame.
85
17,630-->
19,700
sthefundamentalidea.
86
20,739-->
24,120
RobertNozick,oneofthe
libertarianphilosophers
87
24,320-->
28,820
wereadforthiscourse,
putsitthisway:
88
29,620-->
31,220
Individualshaverights.
89
31,479-->
35,040
Sostrongandfarreaching
aretheserightsthatthey
90
35,130-->
39,550
raisethequestionofwhat,
ifanything,thestatemaydo.
91
44,010-->
49,580
Sowhatdoeslibertarianism
sayabouttheroleofgovernment
92
50,180-->
51,750
orofthestate?
93
52,190-->
56,300
Well,therearethreethings
thatmostmodernstatesdo
94
58,299-->
08:
02,140
thatonthelibertarian
theoryofrightsare
95
02,400-->
05,640
illegitimateorunjust.
96
06,609-->
10,090
Oneofthemis
paternalistlegislation.
97
10,340-->
13,950
spassinglawsthat
protectpeoplefromthemselves,
98
14,370-->
18,030
seatbeltlaws,forexample,
ormotorcyclehelmetlaws.
99
19,070-->
22,080
Thelibertariansaysit
maybeagoodthing
100
22,179-->
24,350
ifpeoplewearseatbelts
101
24,870-->
28,710
butthatshouldbeupto
themandthestate,
102
28,969-->
32,210
thegovernment,hasno
businesscoercingthem,
103
32,990-->
38,060
us,towearseatbelts
bylaw.
104
39,030-->
44,780
scoercion,sonopaternalist
legislation,numberone.
105
45,040-->
48,310
Numbertwo,no
moralslegislation.
106
48,980-->
54,500
Manylawstrytopromote
thevirtueofcitizens
107
54,600-->
09:
02,260
ortrytogiveexpressiontothe
moralvaluesofthesocietyasawhole.
108
03,610-->
08,600
Libertariansaythat'
salsoa
violationoftherighttoliberty.
109
10,840-->
14,000
Taketheexampleof,well,
aclassicexample
110
14,240-->
17,300
oflegislationauthoredinthe
nameofpromotingmorality
111
17,400-->
22,790
traditionallyhavebeenlawsthat
preventsexualintimacy
112
22,910-->
26,730
betweengaysandlesbians.
113
27,670-->
31,180
Thelibertariansaysnobody
elseisharmed,
114
31,319-->
33,420
nobodyelse'
areviolated,
115
33,880-->
38,610
sothestateshouldgetout
ofthebusinessentirelyof
116
38,850-->
42,460
tryingtopromotevirtueor
toenact
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