石油化工类院校Advanced Space Technology for Oil Spill Detection毕业设计文献翻译英文原版+中文翻译.docx

石油化工类院校Advanced Space Technology for Oil Spill Detection毕业设计文献翻译英文原版+中文翻译.docx

《石油化工类院校Advanced Space Technology for Oil Spill Detection毕业设计文献翻译英文原版+中文翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《石油化工类院校Advanced Space Technology for Oil Spill Detection毕业设计文献翻译英文原版+中文翻译.docx（23页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

石油化工类院校AdvancedSpaceTechnologyforOilSpillDetection毕业设计文献翻译英文原版+中文翻译

（中文翻译从第11页开始，1——10页为英文原版）

希望能帮到那些做毕业设计时为文献翻译而惆怅的童鞋们

AdvancedSpaceTechnologyforOilSpillDetection

MaralH.Zeynalova,RustamB.RustamovandSaidaE.Salahova

AbstractEnvironmentalpollution,includingoilspillisoneofthemajorecologicalproblems.Negativehumanimpactsdemandstodevelopappropriatelegislationswithinthenationalandinternationalframeworkformarineandcoastalenvironmentaswellastheonshoreprotection.Severalseas,forinstancetheMediterranean,theBalticandtheNorthSeasweredeclaredasspecialareaswhereshipdischargesarecompletelyprohibited（SatelliteMonitoring,LUKOIL）.

InthisregardenvironmentalprotectionoftheCaspianSeahasaprioritystatusforAzerbaijanasaclosedwaterbasinecosystem.Thisarea,asahighlysensitiveareaintheWorldrequirespermanentecologicalmonitoringserviceswhereoilandgasfromthesubsurfaceoftheCaspianSeaisdevelopingalmostmorethanacentury.ThisstatusoftheCaspianSeaisexpectedtoberetentionatleastforthecomingfiftyyears.

Remotesensingisakeyinstrumentforsuccessfulresponsetotheonshoreandoffshoreoilspillsimpacts.Thereisanextremeneedfortimelyrecognitionoftheoilspilledareaswiththeexactplaceoflocation,extentofitsoilcontaminationandverificationofpredictionsofthemovementandfateofoilslicks.

BlackSearegionisexpectedtohaveadramaticincreaseinthetrafficofcrudeoil（mainlyfromtheCaspianregion）.ThemainreasonforthesechangesisthegrowthofoilindustryinbothKazakhstanandAzerbaijan.Therealsubstantialchangesintankermovementsandroutsarenotcleartillnow.

Anecessityforacontinuousobservationofthemarineenvironmentcomesaforewhenclarifyingthetendenciesofchangesintheconcentrationoftheparticularlydangerouspollutingsubstancesaswellasthebehaviorofdifferentkindsofpollutingsubstancesinthedetectedareai.e.,creationofasystemformonitoringthepollution（L.A.StoyanovandG.D.Balashov,UNISPACEIII,Varna,Bulgaria）.

TheexplorationofgeologicalandoilproductionstartedintheshelfoftheCaspianSeaalongtimeago.TheCaspianSeaisahighlysensitiveregiononecologicalandbiodiversitypointofview.Oildumpsandemergencyoilspillhaveanextremelybadinfluenceonthemarineandearthecosystemandcanleadtotheecologicalbalance.

Certainlythegeneralissueofoilandgaspipelinesafetyincludesaspectsofnaturaldisastersandproblemsrelatedtotheenvironment.AftersuccessfulconstructionoftheBaku-Tbilisi-CeyhanoilpipelineandBaku-Tbilisi-ErzrumgaspipelinetheseaspectsespeciallybecameveryimportantforAzerbaijananddefinitely,fortheregion.TheBaku-Tbilisi-CeyhanCrudeOilExportPipelinecomprisesaregionalcrudeoilexporttransportationsystem,approximately1750inoveralllength.

Generally,oilspillmonitoringintheoffshoreandonshoreiscarriedoutbymeansofspeciallyequippedairborne,shipsandsatellites.Obviously,daylightsandweatherconditionslimitmarineandaerialsurveillanceofoilspills.

KeywordsSpacetechnology.Spaceimage.OilspilDetection

Introduction

Generally,oilspillageiscategorizedintofourgroups:

minor,medium,majoranddisaster.Minorspillneithertakesplacewhenoildischargeislessthan25barrelsininlandwatersnorlessthan250barrelsonland,theoffshoreorcoastalwatersthatdoesnorposeathreattothepublichealthorwelfare.Incaseofthemediumspillthespillmustbe250barrelsorlessintheinlandwaterorfrom250to2500barrelsonland,offshoreandcoastalwaterwhileforthemajorspill,thedischargetotheinlandwatersisinexcessof250barrelsonland,offshoreorcoastalwaters.Thedisasterreferstoanyuncontrolledwellblowout,pipelineruptureorstoragetankfailurewhichposesanimmediatethreattopublichealthorwelfare.

Satellite-basedremotesensingequipmentinstalledinthesatelliteisusedformonitoring,detectingandidentifyingsourcesofaccidentaloilspills.Remotesensingdevicesincludetheuseofinfrared,videoandphotographyfromairborneplatforms.Inthemeantimepresentlyanumberofsystemslikeairborneradar,laserfluorescence,microwaveradiometer,SAR,ERS1,ERS2,ENVISATandLANDSATsatellitesystemsareappliedforthesamepurposes.Currentlymorethanadozensatellitesareintheorbitproducingpetabytesofdatadaily.Detaileddescriptionofthesesatellites,majorcharacteristicsofsensorscanbesummarizedasfollows:

●Spatialresolutionofsensorsrangesfrom1meter（e.g.IKONOS）toseveralkilo-meters（e.g.GEOS）

●Satellitesensorscommonlyusevisibletonear-infrared,infraredandmicrowaveportionsofelectromagneticspectrum;

●Spectralresolutionofsatellitedatarangesfromsingleband（Radarsat）tomultibands（e.g.MODISwith36bands）

●Temporalresolution（repeattime）variesfromseveraltimesaday（e.g.Meteosat）

●Themajorityofsatellitesaresunsynchronousandpolarorbiting,crossingtheequatorataround10a.m.localtimeduringtheirdescendingpass

●Digitaldataareavailableinbothpanchromatic（blackandwhite）andmulti-spectralmodes

Usingtherecentadvancedspacetechnology,thefollowingmethodologycanbeappliedfortheoilspillsdetections:

●Developmentofoilspilldetectionmethodsforthepurposeofpracticaloilspillsurveillancerelatedtothespaceimagerywithapplicationofanyweatherconditions;

●Adaptationoftheobservationtoothersystemstopredicttheoilspillspreaddirectionandflowratecharacteristics,determinationthepollutantcontaminations;

●Developmentofappropriatedataanduserinterface

Thereisaneedforeffectivelydirectspillcountermeasuressuchasmechanicalcontainmentandrecovery,dispersantapplicationandburning,protectionofsitesalongthreatenedcoastlinesandthepreparationofresourcesfortheshorelineclean-up.

Asitismentionedinthebeginning,theremotesensingisoneofthemainmethodsforaneffectiveresponsetotheoilspillsenvironmentalmonitoring.Timelyresponsetoanoilspillrequiresrapidinvestigationofthespillsitetodetermineitsexactlocation,extentofoilcontamination,oilspillthickness,inparticular.

Policymakers,managers,scientistsandthepubliccanviewthechangingenvironmentusingthesatelliteimages.RemotesensingisthedisciplineofobservingtheEarth’ssurfacewithoutdirectcontactwiththeobjectslocatedatthesurface.Itallowsobtaininginformationabouttheplanetandhumanactivitiesfromadistancewhichcanrevealinterestingfeaturesthatmaynotbepossibleoraffordablefromthegroundlevel.Oneoftheapplicationsofremotesensingiswaterandcoastalresources.Itisessentialtoundertakethefollowingaspectswhileusingtheremotesensingmethod:

●Determinationofsurfacewaterareas

●Monitoringtheenvironmentaleffectsofhumanactivities;

●Mappingfloodsandfloodplains;

●Determinationoftheextentofsnowandice;

●Measuringglacialfeatures;

●Mappingshorelinechanges;

●Tracingoilandpollutions.

Thefactthatremotesensingallowsmulti-temporalanalysisisalsoveryimportant.Thismeansthatanareaofinterestcanbemonitoredovertimesothatchangescanbedetected.Itallowsanalyzingphenomenalikevegetationgrowthduringdifferentseasons,theextentofannualfloods,theretreatofglaciersorthespreadofforestfiresoroilspills（VhenenyeOkoro,2004）.

Remotesensingisausefulmethodinseveralmodesofoilspillcontrol,includingalargescaleareaofsurveillanceability,specificsitemonitoringandadvantagesoftechnicalandtechnologicalassistanceinemergencycases.Thereisasignificantcapacityofprovidingessentialinformationtoenhancestrategicandtacticaldecision-making,decreasingresponsecostsbyfacilitatingrapidoilrecoveryandultimatelyminimizingimpacts.

Observationcanbeundertakenvisuallyorbyusingremotesensingsystems.Inremotesensing,asensorotherthanhumanvisionorconventionalphotographyisusedtodetectormapoilspills.

OilSpillDetection

Oilproductionandtransportationisstartedontheoffshore“Azeri–Chiraq–Guneshli”oilfield,locatedattheAzerbaijanisectoroftheCaspianSea.ThereforedevelopmentandimplementationofonshoreandoffshoreoilspillmonitoringanddetectionarehighlyimportantfortheCaspianSeabasincountries.Figure1showstheoverallmapoftheCaspianSearegioncountries.

OilstatisticsofthemajorCaspianSeaoilproducingcountriesarepresentedinTable1.

Forvisualobservationsofoilspillfromtheairusingthevideophotographyarethesimplest,mostcommonandconvenientmethodofdeterminingthelocationandextent（scaleandsize）ofanoilspill.Thereareanumberofsensorsonsurveillanceoftheseasurface:

●Microwaveradiometerswhichallowthedeterminationoftheoilthickness;

●Ultravioletandinfraredscannerswhichallowtodetectrespectivelyverythinandverythickoilfilms;

●Laserfluorescencesensorswhichallowthedeterminationofoiltype.

Fig.1OverallmapoftheCaspianSearegioncountries

Applicationofremotesensingmethodforspilledoilcanbediscoveredusingahelicopter,particularlyovernear-shorewaterswheretheirflexibilityisanadvantagealongintricatecoastingwithcliffs,covesandislands.Forthespillresponseeffortstobefocusedonthemostsignificantareasofthespill,itisimportanttotakeintoconsiderationrelativeandheaviestconcentrationsofoil.Geographicalpositioningsystems（GPS）orotheravailableaircraftpositioningsystemscreatesapositiveenvironmentforlocalizationoftheoillocation.Photography,particularlydigitalphotogr