英专八级人文重要考点总结英美文学Word格式文档下载.docx
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→Revivalorrebirthofclassicalarts,cultureandphilosophyafterthedarkagesofmedieval
→Thekeywordforitis_humanism_,emphasizedsecularconcerns,expresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie.
→Shakespeare,Spenser,andMarloweareallfamousliteraryfiguresinthisperiod
ThomasMore(1478-1535)Utopia(socialism)ThedefinitionofUtopiais"
noplace."
•EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)“Apoet’spoet”TheFaerieQueen《仙后》
FrancisBacon培根(1561-1626)
1“AdvancementofLearning”学术的推进:
2“NewInstrument”:
新工具theinductivemethodofreasoning
3.“NewAtlantics”:
anidealsociety新大西岛
4.“Essays”/58essays论说文集
Awidevarietyofsubjects:
love,truth,friendship,beauty,studies,riches…
Hisstyle:
clearness,brevity,forceofexpression
☆hisessaysisanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose
ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)
1.Universitywits,thegreatestpioneerofEnglishdrama
2.blankverseVerseconsistingofunrhymedlines,usuallyofiambicpentameter(五步抑扬格).无韵诗,素体诗
3.DoctorFaustus《浮士德》
WilliamShakespeare:
thegreatestEnglishpoetanddramatist
①154sonnets(十四行诗)(商籁体),
②37plays,including14comedies,12tragedies,and11historicalplays,③2longpoems.
☆Butforsuchagreatwriter,wehaveverylittledefiniteknowledgeabouthislife.
Shakespeare’sTragedies
(1)Hamlet
(2)Othello(3)KingLear(4)Macbeth
Shakespeare’sComedies
(1)TheMerchantofVenice
(2)AMidsummerNight'
sDream(3)AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》(4)Twelfthnight
TheMerchantofVenicetopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutality(Shylock)
Hamlethesitatebetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction
→Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;
tosufferortotakeaction
Soliloquyormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacters(独白)
Poetry
1.Narrativepoetry①theepic②theromance③popularballads
2.Lyricpoetry
①theelegy:
alyricpoemlamentingthedeathofanindividual.挽歌
②theode:
alyricpoemofconsiderablelengthtosinginhonorapersonorathing.Itisseriousinsubjectandformalinstyle.颂歌
3.Dramaticpoetry:
dialogueinthedrama
Sonnet
A14-lineverseformusuallyhavingoneofseveralconventionalrhymeschemes.
Rhyme:
ababcdcdefefgg
☆3quatrains(3four-linestanza)+1couplet(2lines)quatrains:
四行诗
TheperiodoftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution
→Historicalbackground:
tworevolutions:
puritanrevolutionandgloriousrevolution
thetransitionfromtheabsolutemonarchytoconstitutionalmonarchy
→1.twoliteraryschoolsofpoets
①theschoolofMetaphysical玄学②theschoolofCavaliers.骑士
2.themostimportantpoet:
JohnMiltonMetaphysicalPoetry(玄学派诗歌)
ItisthepoetryofJohnDonneandotherseventeenth-centurypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.
disliketraditionalpoemScholar,Highlyabstractortheoretical;
JohnMilton约翰·
弥尔顿
thelastgreatpoems
ParadiseLost失乐园ParadiseRegained复乐园SamsonAgonistes力士参孙.
→Thetwomostessentialthings:
Puritanismandhisrepublicanism.
ParadiseLost→theonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.
→themainideaofthepoemisarevoltagainstGod’sauthority
→Satanistherealheroofthepoem.SatanledarebellionagainstGodwithhisunconquerablewill.
JohnBunyan(1628-1688)班扬
Puritanauthor
Hisbestknownwork,天路历程areligiousallegory(宗教预言)
18世纪英国文学CulturalBackground
1.EnlightenmentMovement启蒙运动
⑴Aprogressiveintellectualmovement
⑵Enlightenersconsidered“Enlightenment”or“education”ofthepeopletobetheirchiefobjective.
⑶Theybelievedinthepowerofreason(theageofreason)
⑷twogroups:
①themoderate(Pope,Defoe,Addison)(温和派)→supporttheprinciplesoftheexistingsocialorder
②theradical(Swift,Fielding,Sheridan)(激进派)→crisis→Sentimentalism(感伤主义)
18世纪英国文学
Complex:
Anageofprose(Addison’sessay\Swift’ssatire\Fielding’snovel)
1.Neo-classicism新古典Arevivalinterestinoldclassicworks,order,logic
→(Pope\Addison\Steel:
modelthemselvesafterGreekandLatinauthors)
2.Sentimentalism(Gray\Goldsmith\Richardson\Sterne:
discontentwiththesocialreality“Heart”)
3.Thebeginningofmodernnovel→Majornovelists:
Defoe\Swift\Fielding\Richardson,
4.Pre-romanticisminEnglishpoetry5.EnglishDrama(Sheridan:
theschoolforScandal)
Neo-classicism新古典
Arevivalinterestinoldclassicworks,order,logic→(modelthemselvesafterGreekandLatinauthors)
1.AlexanderPope蒲伯:
Heroiccouplet英雄双韵体
2.JosephAddison艾迪生SirRichardSteele斯梯尔:
TheSpectator旁观者3.SamuelJohnson:
Dictionary
AlexanderPope蒲柏
Neo-classicism新古典Heroiccouplet英雄双韵体
Linesofiambicpentameterrhymeinpairs;
Popecarriedthistoitslaststageofperfection;
AnEssayonCriticism
Sentimentalism
discontentwiththesocialrealityThomasGray格雷(poem)LaurenceSterne(novel)
ThomasGray(1716-1771)
SentimentalismThegraveyardschool墓园派ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard《墓园挽歌》
Thebeginningofmodernnovel
Smollett:
FirstimportantseanovelistLaurenceSterne斯泰恩:
Sentimentalism
SamuelRichardson理查生:
Pamela,orVirtueRewarded《帕美拉》ClarissaHarlowe,orVirtueTriumphant《克拉丽莎》
1.DanielDefoe迪福:
RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记
Robinsonistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.
2.JonathanSwift斯威夫特:
amastersatiristGulliver‘sTravels格列佛游记
3.HenryFielding:
FatherofEnglishnovel、ThefounderofEnglishrealisticnovelTomJones汤姆·
琼斯
RomanticisminBritain
TheNewLiteraryTrend(1798---1832)
1.Dissatisfactionwiththesociety
(1)
Arevoltagainstit
(2)
Anescapefromit
2.Anintrospectionintoone’sinnerworld(attentiononspiritualandemotionallife)
3.Thepassionsofmanandthebeautiesofnature4.Aperiodofpoeticalrevival
(1)TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.(Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley,Keats)
(2)TheRomanticperiodisagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Hazlitt,Lamb(3)Thisperiodisalsoagreatageofnovels.
WalterScott
Scott’shistoricalnovelscombinearomanticatmospherewitharealisticdepictionofhistoricalbackgroundandcommonpeople’slife.Scottmarkedthetransitionfromromanticismtotheperiodrealism.
WilliamBlake布莱克Symbolism:
象征主义
1.Theearliestpoems:
Poeticalsketches素描诗集
2.SongsofInnocence天真之歌
3.Songsofexperience经验之歌_
4.famouspoem:
Thetiger\London\TheChimneySweeper
RobertBurns(1759-1796)
1.WrittenintheScottishdialectonavarietyofsubjects
PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect苏格兰方言诗集
2.Songsofloveandfriendship—anewspiritofromanticism
“ARed,RedRose”一朵红红的玫瑰
3Theruraltheme/Beautiesofnature
“MyHeart’sintheHighlands”我的心呀在高原
SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)柯勒律治
Poeticandcritic“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”1798《古舟子咏》
“KublaKhan”1816《忽必烈汗》
•WordsworthandColeridge'
sLyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》
WilliamWordsworth威廉·
华兹华斯
1.“Lucy”---《露西组诗》(SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays)☆harmonybetweenhumanityandnature
2.“TheSolitaryReaper”---《孤寂的刈麦人》☆patheticpicturesofthelabouringpeople
3.“Iwonderedlonelyasacloud”—《我孤独如云》☆deeplovefornature
GeorgeGordon
“ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage”1812《恰罗德·
哈罗德游记》
“DonJuan”1812-1823masterpiece《唐·
璜》agreatcomicepicoftheearly19thcentury.
The“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin
•名诗:
SheWalksinBeautyTheIslesofGreece
PercyByssheShelly雪莱(1792-1822)
1.“QueenMab”:
麦布女王Hisfirstlongpoemexpressesalmostallhismajorpoliticalideas.
2.“PrometheusUnbound”:
《解放了的普罗米修斯》Hismasterpiece;
alyricaldrama.
3.Lyricsonnatureandlove:
e.g.“OdetotheWestWind”;
“ToaSkylark”《西风/云雀颂》
☆“IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?
”
JohnKeats(1795-1821)NotnobleDiedofTBDiedat25
OdeonMelancholy
OdeonaGrecianUrn希腊古瓮颂
Itrevealsthecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandthetransienceofhumanpassion.
OdetoaNightingale夜莺颂
Itrevealsthecontrastbetweenthehappyworldofnaturallovelinessandhumanworldofagony
OdetoPsycheOdetoAutumn秋颂
TheDevelopmentofVictorianLiterature
→VictorianLiterature,asaproductofitsage,naturallyhaditsqualityofmagnitudeanddiversity.
Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedbothromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople’slifeandthought.
→thegreatperiodofthenovelinBritainCriticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople
TheGenresofVictorianLiterature
1)Thenovelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.
CharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronte,ElizabethGaskell,GeorgeEliot
RobertBrowning勃朗宁(1812-1889)
themostoriginalpoet,whoimproveandmatu