bc社会学g11 Ch 16Economic Development.docx

bc社会学g11 Ch 16Economic Development.docx

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bc社会学g11Ch16EconomicDevelopment

S.S.11:

COUNTERPOINTS

CH.16:

PATTERNSOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENT–NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1.economicdisparity=asituationwherethereisalargegapbetweenpeoplewhohavelowincomesandthosewhoarerich.

2.WealthisdistributedunequallyamongCanadians:

therichest10%earn10.2timestheamountofmoneythatthepoorest10%ofCanadiansearn.

3.Questionstoconsider:

ØHowdoeconomicforcesthatcausedisparitiesdevelop?

ØWhatroledoesgeographyplayindisparities?

ØHowdodisparitiesaffectpeople’slives?

ØHowdoeconomicforceschangeovertime,improvingmattersormakingdisparitiesworse?

ØHowcanwefindwaystoreducepovertyrates?

ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINCANADA

1.Economicactivities=processesthathelpproducewealthandmaintainqualityoflife.

2.Activitiesthatarepartofthemoneyeconomyincludealltheprocessesofextracting,producing,distributing,consuming,servicing,andconservingresources（materialsofvalue,wherethevaluecanbedetermined）.Theseactivitiesresultinbothgoodsandservicesthatweuseinourdailylives.

3.Othereconomicactivitiesbelongtothenon-moneysector.

SeeFigure16-4p.396.

ClassifyingEconomicActivities

1.primaryindustries=thosethatextractnaturalresourcesfromthephysicalenvironment.Naturalresourcesarematerialssuchasminerals,lumber,andwater,thatwecanusetoproduceothergoods.

2.secondaryindustries=concernedwithmanufacturingandconstruction.

3.tertiaryindustries=provideservicestobothbusinessesandindividuals.

Canada’sEconomicStructure

SeeFigure16-6p.397.

COREANDPERIPHERY

1.agglomeration=concentrationofparticularindustriesinoneplace

ØFactoriesmakingcarpartshavelocatedinsouthernOntario,wheretherearemanyautomobileassemblyplants.

ØTheexpandingtelevisionandfilmindustryintheLowerMainlandregionofB.C.hasproducedaboominequipmentrental,filmprocessing,soundediting,andcatering.

2.economiccore=anareathatleadstheeconomicgrowthofaregion.Itgenerallyhashigherratesofgrowth,andhigherratesofpay,thansurroundingareas.

3.periphery=areasonthefringesofthecore.

4.Vancouver’seconomicimportancemakestheLowerMainlandthecoreeconomicareafortheprovinceofB.C.

5.InCanada,EdmontonandWinnipegarecoresontheCanadianPrairies.

6.ThestrongconcentrationofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesinsouthernOntarioandsouthernQuebec–Canada’sindustrialheartland–hascreatedacoreinthecentralpartofthecountry.

7.Globally,partsofEuropeandNorthAmericaformcores,withLatinAmerica,Africa,andAsia（apartfromJapan）actingasperipheralregions.

TheDisadvantagedPeriphery

1.regionaldisparity=economicopportunitiesarenotevenlyspreadgeographically:

Ølandisnotsuitableforsupportinglargenumbersofpeoples,i.e.mountains

Øsomeregionsaretoofarawayfrommarkets,makingtransportationcostsprohibitive

Øsomeregionsdonotoffertheinfrastructurenecessaryforbusiness,suchasinexpensivepower,skilledworkers,orresearchfacilities

2.Resourceindustriessuchasfarming,miningandloggingpredominateintheperipheryinbothB.C.andCanada.

3.Overall,industriesintheperipherytendtoattractlesscapital（cash）investment.

4.Governmentssometimessubsidize,orgivemoneyfor,thecostofinfrastructure,includingbuildingroadsorpower-generatingplants.E.g.–developmentofcoalminesaroundTumblerRidgeineast-centralB.C.forlong-termsaleofcoaltoJapan.

5.Governmentscanalsooffertaxincentivestoencourageindustriestolocateinperipheralregions.

6.out-migration=whenskilledandeducatedpeopleleavetoseekeconomicsuccessinplacesthatappeartohavemoreopportunities

7.“braindrain”=lossoftalent–makesitevenharderfortheperipherytostimulateeconomicgrowth

ØTheAtlanticregionofCanadahasbeentraditionallyasourceofmigrantswholeavetofindworkinOntario,Alberta,orB.C.

ØCanadalosesaminimumof5000peopletotheU.S.everyyear.

ØEducatedyoungmenandwomenleaveAfricaandAsiaforjobsthatallowthemtousetheirskillsindevelopedcountries.

ComparingWorldPatterns

SeeFigures16-12p.401and16-13p.402.

ECONOMICCHANGE

1.Theresultoftechnologicalchanges,suchastheinventionofelectricallypoweredmachines,ortheintroductionofpersonalcomputers

2.Sequenceofchanges:

traditionaleconomiestransformintodevelopingeconomiesand,intime,intodevelopedeconomies.

TraditionalEconomies

1.Dependlargelyonprimaryindustries,particularlyfarming

2.E.g.BurkinaFaso,asmallcountryinAfrica–87%ofworkersareemployedinprimaryindustriesandonly9%liveincities.

3.subsistenceagriculture=farmersconsumewhattheyproduce

Usinghandtools,productivityislow,soitisdifficultforcountriestoraise

theirstandardsofliving.

SeeFigure16-15p.403.

DevelopingEconomies

1.AgoodexampleofatechnologicalinnovationcausingeconomicchangeistheIndustrialRevolution,whenhumanandanimalpowerwerereplacedwithpower-drivenmachines.Workersincreasedtheirproductivity.

2.Constructionofaninfrastructuretosupportexpandingeconomicactivity–communications,transportation,andlegalsystems.

E.g.–InCanada,thebuildingofthetranscontinentalrailwayinthe1870sand1880simprovedtransportationandspurredbusiness.

3.Abankingsystemisanimportantpartoftheinfrastructure,becauseitprovidesthecashthatfinancesotherchanges.

SeeFigure16-18p.405.

DevelopedEconomies

1.Industrialized,economiesareverydiverse,withmanyareasofwealthgeneration.

2.Althoughresourcesarestillbeingextracted,primaryindustriesemployarelativelysmallpartoftheworkforce.

Secondaryindustriesarestrong,eventhoughtheyarelessdominantthanthetertiaryindustriesintheeconomy.

Tertiaryindustriesnowemploythemajorityofworkers.

3.Theseeconomicactivitiesexistbecauseconsumersindevelopedeconomiesexpecttohaveagreatvarietyofgoodsandservicesavailabletothem,andtheyearnenoughmoneytopayforthem.

4.Countrieswithdevelopedeconomiesexperiencemassconsumptionofbothmaterialgoodsandservices,andhaveastrongeconomybecauseoftradewithothercountries.

SeeFigure16-20p.405.

DEVELOPMENTFACTORS

1.Factorsimportantinencouragingdevelopmentandincreatingwealth:

Øavailablenaturalresources,especiallywhenusedasthebasisforlocalindustry

Østablepoliticalsystem,sothatthereiscontinuityoverthelongterm

Øaliteratepopulationthatcantakeadvantageofnewideasandtechnologies

Øanopenattitudetowardschangeandprogressamongthepopulation

2.JapanandSingaporeareexceptions–theyhavelimitednaturalresourcesyetarewelldeveloped,becausetheirindustrieshaveutilizedresourcesimportedfromothercountries.

3.CountriesinAfricathatbegantomodernizeafter1950arefindingthecatch-upprocesstobedifficult.

4.CountriesinAsiahavebeensuccessfulwhereindustrialdevelopmentwasaggressivelypromotedbygovernments,insomecasesrunbydictators（e.g.SouthKorea）oraidedbyU.S.capital（e.g.Taiwan）.

5.Factorsthatappeartobeconnectedwithalowerlevelofeconomicdevelopment:

Øhavingbeenacolonyinthe20thcentury（thisstifledindependentdevelopment）

Øcurrenthighlevelsofgovernmentdebt

Øongoingdomesticandinternationalconflict

Øpoliticalandeconomiccorruption,includingbriberyandtheblackmarket

6.Exception:

Singaporehasdevelopedeconomicallydespitehavingexperiencedcolonialrule.

7.Countriesthatledthewaytodevelopmenthavebeenworkingatitfor2centuries–evolutionaryprocessofsmallinnovationsandadvancements.

8.Countriesthathaveonlyjustbeguntodevelopcantakeadvantageoftheexperiencesofthemoredevelopedcountries–revolutionaryprocessinvolvingrapidchangeanddisruption.

9.NewTechnologyandDevelopment:

TheInternet

ØWorksuchasWebdesignandsoftwaredevelopmentisanewareaforemployment.

ØIn1994,only3millionpeopleusedtheInternet;by1998,100millionuserswereconnected.

ØAnestimatedonebillionuserswillbelinkedtothe“Net”by2005.Thevastmajorityoftheseuserswillbeinthedevelopedcountries.

ØDevelopingregionsfaceseriousobstaclesinexpandingtheiruseoftheInternet:

∙About70%oftheworld’speopledonothavereadyaccesstotelephones,themostcommonmethodofInternetdelivery.

∙Lowincomesputcomputerownershipoutofthereachofmostfamiliesandevenbusinesses.

∙PeoplewhocommunicateinalanguageotherthanEnglishmustfirstlearnEnglishbeforetheycanfullybenefitfromtheInternet,asmostInternetcommunicationisconductedinEnglish.

ØTheInternetmayincreasethedisparitiesbetweentherichandpooroftheworld,andworsenregionaldisparities.

AgricultureandEconomicChange

1.Inrecentyears,farminghasstartedtoevolveintoagribusiness–farmbusinessesownednotbyfamiliesbutbycorporationscontrolledbyshareholders.

2.Agribusinessesproducespecializedproductstomeetindustrialdemands.Computersareintegraltotheoperations.

3.Averticallyintegratedbusinessisonethatcontrolsalltheinputsituses.E.g.anagribusinessraisingchickensmightgrowthegrainonitsowngrainfarmstofeedthebirds;processthechickensinitsownmeat-packingplant;anddeliverthemeattoretailoutletsusingitsowntransportcompany.

TheEnvironmentalConsequencesofDevelopment

1.The20%oftheworld’speoplewholiveindevelopedcountriesconsumenaturalresourcesatafargreaterratethanthosewholiveindevelopingcountries.

2.Non-renewableresources–thoset