高中化学有机物的性质实验汇编.docx

高中化学有机物的性质实验汇编.docx

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高中化学有机物的性质实验汇编

高中化学有机物的性质实验汇编（Compilationofexperimentsonthepropertiesoforganiccompoundsinhighschoolchemistry）

Compilationofexperimentsonthepropertiesoforganiccompoundsinhighschoolchemistry

Experimentofphysicalproperty

1.thereareonlytwoexperimentsinvolvingphysicalpropertiesoforganicsubstancesincurrentchemistrytextbooksinmiddleschools:

（1）fractionationofpetroleum

Experiment:

assembleadistillationdevice,100mLoilintothedistillationflask,addafewpiecesofbrokentilestopreventoilbumping.Then,thefractionsof60DEGCto150Cand150to300DEGCwerecollectedrespectively.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

petroleumisamixtureofhydrocarbonswithnofixedboilingpoint.Whenheatedtooil,thelowboilinghydrocarbonsaregasifiedfirstandseparatedbydistillation.Asthetemperaturerises,thehighboilingpointhydrocarbonsareredistilledandseparatedafterdistillation.Thefractioncollectedat60degreesCto150Cisgasoline,andthefractionat150to300DEGCiskerosene.

（2）proteinsaltingout;

Experiment:

inatesttubecontainingchickenproteinsolution,slowlyaddsaturated（NH4）2SO4orNa2SO4solutiontoobservethephenomenon.Then,asmallamountofliquidwithprecipitationisaddedtoatesttubecontainingdistilledwatertoseeiftheprecipitateisdissolved.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

precipitationofprecipitation,precipitationofprecipitationcanbedissolvedinwater.Byaddingcertainstronginorganicsaltstotheproteinsolution,thesolubilityoftheproteindecreasesandtheproteincondensesout.Thisactioniscalledsaltingout.Saltingoutisareversibleprocess.

2.,thephysicalpropertiesoforganiccompoundsalsoshowsomeregularity,nowsummarizedasfollows:

（1）color:

mostoftheorganicsubstancesarecolorless,onlyafewsubstanceshavecolor.Theproductsofoxidation,suchasphenol,arepink.

（2）state:

thenumberofcarbonatomsinthemoleculeisnotmorethan4ofthehydrocarbons（alkanes,alkenesandalkynes）,hydrocarbonderivativesofmethylchloride,gaseousformaldehyde,benzene,gasoline,kerosene,toluene,ethanol,aceticacid,ethylacetateandotherliquid,mostpolymeratroomtemperatureissolidstate.

（3）smell:

alotoforganicchemistryinvolvedincertainodors,suchasbenzenehasaspecialsmell,bitteralmondflavorofnitrobenzene,formaldehyde,acetaldehyde,aceticacidwithpungentaromatic,ethylacetate.

（4）density:

therelativemolecularmassofgaseousorganicmatterisgreaterthan29,densitythanair;organicliquiddensityissmallerthanwaterwithhydrocarbons（alkanes,alkenes,alkynesandaromatichydrocarbon）,lowester,chlorinatedhydrocarbons,alcoholandacetaldehyde;greaterdensitythanwaterwithnitrobenzeneandbromobenzenefour,carbontetrachloride,chloroform,alkylbromide,ethyleneglycol,glyceroletc..Therelativedensityofhydrocarbonssuchasalkanes,alkenesandalkynesincreaseswiththeincreaseofthenumberofcarbonatomsinthemolecule,whiletherelativedensityofalkyldecreaseswiththeincreaseofthenumberofcarbonatoms.

（5）:

watersolublemisciblewithwateratanyratioandsolubleinwater,ethanol,acetaldehyde,aceticacid,ethyleneglycol,glycerol,phenol,formaldehyde（65DEGC）andglucose;insolubleinwaterwithhydrocarbons（alkanes,alkenes,alkynes,aromatichydrocarbons,halogenatedhydrocarbons,senior）fattyacid,nitrobenzene,bromo.Thewatersolubilityofalcohols,aldehydes,carboxylicacidsandotherorganiccompoundsgraduallydecreaseswiththeincreaseofthenumberofcarbonatomsinthemolecule.

Two、chemicalpropertyexperiment

1.methane

（1）methanepassesintoKMnO4acidicsolution

Experiment:

themethanewaspassedintoatesttubecontainingKMnO4acidsolutiontoseeiftherewereanychangesinthepurplesolution

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

thecolorofthesolutionhasnotchanged.ItshowsthatmethanedoesnotreactwithKMnO4acidicsolution,whichfurthershowsthatmethaneisrelativelystable.

（2）substitutionreactionofmethane;

Alotofexperiments:

a100mLcylinder,withrowsofsaturatedsaltwaterhascollected20mLCH4and80mLCl2,onabrightplace（Note:

donotplaceindirectsunlight,soasnottocausetheexplosion）,waitingforthemoment,andobservethephenomenon.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

About3min,canbeobservedinthecylinderwallontheoildroplet,thecylindersaturatedsaltwaterlevelrise.Thehybridgascylinderofthechemicalreactionsoccurinthelight;oildropletappearedonthecylinder,thatgeneratesnewoilysubstance;thecylinderliquidlevelrise,asthereactionproceeds,thepressureinthecylinderdecreases,thetotalvolumeofgasin.

2.ethylene

（1）combustionofethylene

Experiment:

Ignitepureethylene.Observethephenomenonofethylenecombustion.

Phenomenonandexplanation:

ethyleneburnsintheairandhasabrightflameaccompaniedbyblacksmoke.Themassfractionofcarboninethyleneishigh,andblacksmokeoccurswhenburning.

（2）ethylenemakesKMnO4acidsolutionfade

Experiment:

passethyleneintoatesttubecontainingKMnO4acidsolution,andobservethechangeofthecolorofthesolutioninthetesttube.

Phenomenonandexplanation:

thepurplefadingofKMnO4acidsolutionindicatesthatethylenecanbeoxidizedbyoxidantKMnO4,anditschemicalpropertyismoreactivethanalkane.

（3）ethylenemakesthebrominecarbontetrachloridesolutionfade

Experiment:

theethylenewaspassedintothetesttubecontainingbrominecarbontetrachloridesolution,andthechangeofthecolorofthesolutioninthetesttubewasobserved.

Phenomenonandexplanation:

theredbrownofbrominefades,indicatingthatethylenereactswithbromine.

3.acetylene

（1）ignitepureacetylene

Experiment:

Ignitepureacetylene.Observethephenomenonofacetyleneburning.

Phenomenonandexplanation:

whenacetyleneburns,theflameisbrightandaccompaniedbystrongblacksmoke.Thisisbecausethecarboncontentofacetyleneishigherthanthatofethyleneandthatthecarbonisnotcompletelyburned.

（2）acetylenemakesKMnO4acidsolutionfade

Experiment:

pureacetylenewaspassedintothetesttubecontainingKMnO4acidsolution,andthechangeofthecolorofthesolutioninthetesttubewasobserved.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

thepurplefadingofKMnO4acidsolutionindicatesthatacetylenereactswithKMnO4acidsolution.

（3）acetylenemakesthebrominecarbontetrachloridesolutionfade

Experiment:

thepureacetylenethroughcarbontetrachloridesolutionfilledYoushenghavingbrominetube,thecolorofthesolutionchangesobservedinthetesttube.

Phenomenonandexplanation:

theredbrownofbromineisremoved,indicatingthatacetylenecanreactwithbromine.

4.homologuesofbenzeneandbenzene

Experiments:

benzene,tolueneandxylenewereinjectedintoeachof32mLtubes,eachwith3dropsofKMnO4acidicsolution,oscillatingvigorously,andobservingthecolorchangeofthesolution.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

benzenecannotmakeKMnO4acidsolutionfaded,suggeststhatthereisnocarboncarbondoublebondorcarboncarbontriplebondinamoleculeofbenzene.TolueneandxylenecanmaketheKMnO4acidicsolutionfade.BenzeneindicatesthattolueneandxylenecanbeoxidizedbyKMnO4.

5.halogenatedhydrocarbons

（1）thehydrolysisreactionofethylbromide

Experiment:

takeatesttube,10drops15dropsofbromoethane,thenadd1mL5%NaOHsolution,oscillation,fullystatic,liquidtobelayeredafterinhalation10dropsofupperwatersolutionwithadropper,tocontain10mLdilutenitricacidsolutioninthetube,thenadd2drops3drops2%AgNO3solution,observethereactionphenomenon.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

seethepaleyellowprecipitateinthereaction,theprecipitationisAgBr,indicatingtheformationofBrbromoethanehydrolysis-.

（2）1,twochloride-eliminationreaction

Theentryof2mL1invitro,ethanolsolutionof2-twochlorineethaneand5mL10%NaOH.Addafewpiecesofporcelaintothetube.Addingasmallamountofbromineinaseparatetube.Withamixtureofwaterbathheatinginthetube（becarefulnottoboilwaterforheating）,afteraperiodoftime,thegeneratedgasintowater,observewhathappens.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

thegeneratedgascanmakethewaterfade,indicatingthatthereactiongeneratesunsaturatedorganiccompounds.

6.ethanol

（1）thereactionbetweenethanolandsodiummetal

Experiment:

about2mLinjectionofanhydrousethanolinthetesttube,add2sodiummetalfilterdrysmallincision,quicklywithasingleholewithaSaisaitubelivetube,asmalltubebuckleonthecatheter,releasethegascollectionandinspectionofpurereaction.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

therateofreactionbetweenethanolandmetalsodiumisslowerthanthatofwaterandsodium.ItshowsthatethanolismoredifficulttoionizeHthanwater.

（2）theeliminationreactionofethanol

Experiment:

20mLinjectionofalcoholandconcentratedsulfuricacidinaflask（volumeratio1:

3）mixture,addafewpiecesofbrokentiles.Heatingthemixturetoincreasethetemperatureoftheliquidto170degrees.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

thegeneratedgascanmakebrominetetrachloridesolutionfade,canalsomakePotassiumPermanganateacidsolution.

7.phenol

（1）phenolreactedwithNaOH

Experiment:

addinga2mLdistilledwatertoatesttubecontainingasmallamountofphenolcrystals.What'swrongwiththetesttube?

Then5%dropsofNaOHsolutionwereaddedandthetubeswereoscillating.Thechangeofthesolutioninthetesttubewasobserved.

Phenomenonandinterpretation:

phenolmixedwithwaterandtheliquidiscloudy,indicatingthatthesolubilityofphenolisnotgreat