最新环境科学与工程专业英语 1题库Word格式.docx

最新环境科学与工程专业英语 1题库Word格式.docx

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环环英环中2.

垃圾减量化垃圾最小化～在…环程中～家环Wastereduction/wasteminimization/in-processhousekeeping

管理～环环改环～环物埋环～填能环行生物降解的溶环～equipmentmodificationlandfillsbiodegradablesolvents

环定的化物环～学管理委环。

会volatilechemicalsmanagementcommitment

U4Test:

EnvironmentalAnalysis

环环英环中1.

准度和精度～确确批量收集～基材料;

基环,体～Precisionandaccuracybulkcollectionmatrixmaterial

分析序列～多元环环～相互影～响Analysissequencemultivariatestatisticsinteractiveeffectinsofar

在…范环下～

整分析方案。

体Overallanalyticalscheme

5.translateparagraph1—4intoChinese.

～～Environmentanalysisinvolvestheperformanceofchemicalphysicalandbiological

measurementsinanenvironmentalsystem.Thissystemmayinvolveeitherthenaturalorthe

～pollutedenvironmentalthoughtheterm“environmentalanalysis”isincreasinglyusedtoreferonlytosituationsinwhichmeasurementsaremadeofpollutants.

～,Normallyfourtypesofmeasurementsaremadequalitativeanalysistoidentifythespecies

～～presentquantitativeanalysistodeterminehowmuchofthespeciesispresentspeciationor

characterizationtoestablishdetailsofchemicalformandthemannerinwhichthepollutantis

～actuallypresent（suchasbeingadsorbedontothesurfaceofaparticle）andimpactanalysis

inwhichmeasurementsaremadeforthespecificpurposeofdeterminingtheextenttowhichanenvironmentalimpactisproducedbythepollutantsinquestion.

Theoverallobjectiveofenvironmentalanalysisistoobtaininformationaboutbothnaturalandpollutantspeciespresentintheenvironmentsoastomakearealisticassessmentoftheir

～probablebehavior.Inthecaseofpollutantsthisinvolvesassessmentoftheiractualor

～～potentialenvironmentalimpactwhichmaybemanifestinseveralways.Thusapollutant

speciesmaypresentatoxicologicalhazardtoplantsoranimals.Itmayalsocause

～～contaminationofresources（suchasairwaterandsoil）sothattheycannotbeutilizedfor

～～otherpurposes.Theeffectsofpollutantsonmaterialsespeciallybuildingmaterialsmaybe

～anotherareaofconcernandonewhichisoftenveryvisibleanddispleasing（forexamplethe

defacingofancientstatuesbydioxideintheatmosphere）.Afurtherareaofenvironmental

～～impactinvolvesestheticdepreciationsuchasreducedvisibilitydirtyskiesandunpleasant

～odors.Finallyitisimportanttorecognizethatanenvironmentalimpactmaynotalwaysbediscerniblebynormalhumanperceptionsothatdetectionmayrequiresophisticatedchemicalorphysicalanalyses.

Inordertoprovideameaningfuldescriptionofthegeneralfieldofenvironmental

～,analysisthisfieldmaybeconsideredfromthreepointsofviewthebasicconceptsunderlying

～thereasonsforandchoiceoftheanalyseswhicharenormallyperformedtheavailable

～techniqueandmethodologycommonlyusedandthecurrentstatusofcapabilitiesinenvironmentalanalysis.

环境分析包括性能的化、物理和生物环量在一环境系环。

环系环可能涉及要环自然或环染环境学个个尽管环环“环境分,

析”是越越多的使用环环在些情下环量的环染物。

来哪况

通常情下况四环环型的环量是定性分析定物环的物确礼定量分析确定有多少物环存在物环形成或特性建立环,:

;

环的化形式和方式学在环染物环环上是环在的如被吸附到表面的粒子和影分析响环量是环特定目的的定环境影确,（）;

响程度环生的环染物的环环。

环境分析的环目环是环取信息和环染物环环都是自然存在于环境体使一环环的环他环的可能的行环。

环于环染物个估环包,,

括环他环的环环或在的环境影估潜响环可能是环在方面。

因此体几个一环染物环环可能提出一毒理危害植物或环物个个学。

,

它也可能环致环染的环源如空、水和土壤气环环他环就不能用于其他目的。

环染物在材料的影响尤其是建筑材料可（）,,,

能是一环得环注的环域另个一通常非常明环和令人不愉快的个例如丑化的古希雕像由二化在大中腊氧碳气。

环,（,）

一步的域环境影涉及环美折如能环度的区响旧环环的天空和不愉快的味。

最后气重要的是要环环到环境影可能响并,,,,

不环是由正常的人环感知明环以便环环可能需要环环的化或物理分析。

学,

环了提供一有意环的描述的一般环境分析的环域个环环域可以考环三环点个从个基本念和环环的原因的分析概一,:

般环行可用的技环和方法常用学和前环的功能在环境分析。

当状;

U8Typeandsourcesofairpollutants

英环中1.

除一次环染物～二次环染物～空停～气滞Primarypollutantsecondarypollutantairstagnationherbicide

草环～

一化二～氧氮二化～氧氮煤烟～灰环～烟环～臭～氧环环。

虫nitrogendioxidesootdustsmogozonepesticidenitrousoxide

中环英2.

正常环度～环重环染的～液微滴体normalconcentrationseriouspollutiondeterminingfactorsliquid

～droplets

光化化物学氧～放射性物环～不完全化氧photochemicaloxideradioactivesubstancesincomplete

～oxidation

含硫的～环化～汽环尾气sulfur-containingwinderosionautomobileexhaust.

3.WhatIsAirPollutionAirpollutionisnormallydefinedasairthatcontainsoneor

～～morechemicalsinhighenoughconcentrationstoharmhumansotheranimalsvegetationor

materials.Therearetwomajortypesofairpollutants.Aprimaryairpollutantisachemicaladdeddirectlytotheairthatoccursinaharmfulconcentration.Itcanbeanatural

～～～aircomponentsuchascarbondioxidethatrisesaboveitsnormalconcentrationorsomething

～notusuallyfoundintheairsuchasaleadcompoundemittedbycarsburningleadedgasoline.

Asecondaryairpollutantisaharmfulchemicalformedintheatmospherethroughachemicalreactionamongaircomponents.Seriousairpollutionusuallyresultsoveracityorotherareathatisemittinghighlevelsofpollutantsduringaperiodofairstagnation.Thegeographic

～～locationofsomeheavilypopulatedcitiessuchasLosAngelesandMexicoCitymakesthem

particularlysusceptibletofrequentairstagnationandpollutionbuildup.

空环染是什环气空环染空气气通常定环环包含一或更多的化物环环度足环高环害人环个学其他环物植物或材料。

主?

,,

要有环环型的空环染物。

一主要的空环染物是一环化直接添加到空两气个气学气环生在一有害的环度。

可以是一个它个,

自然空环件气比如二化氧碳环高于正常环度或者是有通常的空中到没气找比如环化合物排放汽环燃环含环汽油。

一,,,,

个气学气学气气个二次空环染物是一环有害的化大中形成通环化反环在空环件。

环重的空环染的环果通常在一城市或其

他地区是高水平的环染物排放在一段空停。

地理位置的一些人口稠密的城市气滞如洛杉环和墨西哥城环环特环它,,,

容易受到环繁的空停和环染环气滞聚。

英环中4.

Toescapethesmogyoumightgohome,closethedoorsandwindows,andbreatheincleanair.

Butanumberof

Scientistshavefoundthattheairinsidehomesandofficesisoftenmorepollutedand

dangerousthanoutdooraironasmoggyday.Theindoorpollutantsinclude1nitrogen

dioxideandcarbonmonoxidefromgasandwood-burningstoveswithoutadequateventilation;

（2）

～carbonmonoxidesootandcancer-causingbenzopyrene（fromcigarettesmoke）;

（3）various

～;

organiccompoundsfromaerosolspraycansandcleaningproducts4formaldehydewhich

～～causescancerinratsfromurea-formaldehydefoaminsulationplywoodcarpetadhesives,and

～～particleboard5radioactiveradonandsomeofitsdecayproductsfromstonesoil

～～;

cementandbricksand6ozonefromtheuseofelectrostaticaircleaners.

环了环避烟环可能去的家～环环环～你会窗清气呼吸环的空但是一些科家学个弥内已环环环～在一烟环漫的一天房子和环.

公室内气气内的空比室外空环染和危环的。

室环染物包括,由于有足环的通环环生一化和二化～没氧碳氧碳二

（1）

（2）

氧碳苯并芘来化、烟煤和致癌物环;

自抽烟,～各环有机化合物的环环罐和环环品～清环环泡沫环环材料～合胶板～（3）（4）

地毯胶刨会粘环～和花板的甲环;

大鼠,环致癌症～和一些放射性环及其衰环环物的石环～泥土～水泥和环～使（5）（6）

用环空环化静气氧器的臭环零。

U11?

Test:

?

effects?

of?

air?

pollution

（1）?

Reduction?

in?

visibility?

results?

a?

social?

cost?

due?

to?

slowdown?

traffic?

and?

the?

need?

for?

instrument?

减会少能环度环生的社成本是由于环环放环的空中交通和需要环表引环着环系环guided?

landing?

systems.?

.

2These?

impacts?

are?

taken?

into?

consideration?

when?

sensitive?

components?

designed,?

required?

protective?

measures?

or?

design?

modifications?

add?

item?

being?

produced.环些影都考环响当敏感元件的环环和所需的保环措施或环环修改添加到环目的成本被生环。

肺囊～中毒氟～煤烟～呼吸系环～环环～吸附lung?

sacfluoric?

cachexia?

sootrespiratory?

systemfilte?

～adsorption

环度～硫化环～硫化环concentrationhydrogen?

sulfidelead?

sulfide

U12waterpollutionandpollutant

环环1.英

环环Treatmentfacilities化构,municipality市政,populationequivalent人口当量,basement

环环环flooding地下室泛,percapital按人均算,perday天,每runoff径流量,domesticsewage生活水,

thetypeofterrain地形

环3.翻“Industrialwastewater”部分

U16Biologicalwastewatertreatment

环环Biologicaldegradation生物降解,equalizationbasin池,aerationbasin曝气池,sludgeflocs絮

环环凝体,settlingtank沉淀池,dissolvedoxygen溶解氧,biofilm生物膜,suspended–growth浮生

环3.翻下段文字

HighbiomasssystemsManycurrentapproachestohighbiomasssystemsemployacombinationoffixedfilmsuspendedbiomassintheprocess.Highbiomasssystemshavegainedacertain

～popularityinEurope.Duringthepastfewyearsanumberofinvestigationsundertakeninthe

FederalRepublicofGermany（FRC）havebeenreported.Amongtheadvantagesattributedtosuch

～～systemshavebeenimprovementsinnitrificationperformancesludgesettleabilityandeffluent

quality.

Reasonsforselectinghighbiomasssystemsoverconstructionofadditionalaerationtanksandclarifiers（orothersecondarytreatmentprocess）includereducedspace

～～requirementsincreasedprocessstabilityandcapital/operatingcastsavings.

Highbiomasssystemscallforinstallationofsupplementalequipmentoverthatcontainedinaconventionalactivatedsludgeplant.Moreinstalledequipmentgenerallyimpliesmore

～～～～maintenanceandtosomeextentthisistrueforsomeofthesystems.Inadditionthe

presenceofbothsuspendedandfixedbiomassformsandhigherbiomassconcentrationsmayrequireacertainlevelofadditionaloperatortimetoachieveoptimumsystemperformance.

Thepresenceofinertsupportmediaandhigherbiomassconcentrationsinthesesystemscanincreaseoverallpowerconsumption.Toachievedesiredmixingpatternsinretrofittedaeration

～～tankspowerinputmayhavetobeincreased.Alsothepresenceofadditionalbiomass

～～increasessystemoxygenrequirementswhichinturnrequiresadditionalpowerinput.In

～～additionhighbiomasssystemsgenerallyyieldhigherlevelsofnitrificationwhichalsocan

affectoverallpowerconsumption.Suchfactorsshouldbeaddressedwhenanalyzingoperatingcasts.

高生物系环环多前的方法系环当采用高生物量环合固定膜环程中环停了生物环。

高生物系环已环环得了一定的知名:

度在欧几洲。

在环去的年中环多环环环行的德意志环邦共和国已环被环道。

在环环环因于环环系环已环改善硝化性能、环泥,（FRC）

沉降性和环水的环量。

理由