机械外文翻译中英文 机床 模具 机械 材料Word文档格式.docx

机械外文翻译中英文 机床 模具 机械 材料Word文档格式.docx

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Thisprojectdealswiththestudyofelectro-pneumaticsystemsandtheprogrammablecontrollerthatprovidesaneffectiveandeasywaytocontrolthesequenceofthepneumaticactuatorsmovementandthestatesofpneumatic

system.Theprojectofaspecificcontrollerforpneumaticapplications

jointhestudyofautomationdesignandthecontrolprocessingofpneumatic

systemswiththeelectronicdesignbasedonmicrocontrollerstoimplement

theresourcesofthecontroller.

1.Introduction

Theautomationsystemsthatuseelectro-pneumaticTechnologyareformedmainlybythreekindsofelements:

actuatorsormotors,sensorsorbuttonsandcontrolelementslikevalves.Nowadays,mostofthecontrolelementsusedtoexecutethelogicofthesystemweresubstitutedbytheProgrammableLogicController（PLC）.Sensorsandswitchesarepluggedasinputsandthedirectcontrolvalvesfortheactuatorsarepluggedasoutputs.Aninternalprogramexecutesallthelogicnecessarytothesequenceofthemovements,simulates

Othercomponentslikecounter,timerandcontrolthestatusofthesystem.

WiththeuseofthePLC,theprojectwinsagility,becauseitispossibletocreateandsimulatethesystemasmanytimesasneeded.Therefore,timeCanbesaved,riskofmistakesreducedandcomplexitycanbeincreasedusingThesameelements.AconventionalPLC,thatispossibletofindonthemarketfrommanycompanies,offersmanyresourcestocontrolnotonlypneumaticsystems,butallkindsofsystemthatuseselectricalcomponents.ThePLCcanbeveryversatileandrobusttobeappliedinmanykindsapplicationofintheindustryorevensecuritysystemandautomationofbuildings.

Becauseofthosecharacteristics,insomeapplicationsthePLCofferstomuchresourcesthatarenotevenusedtocontrolthesystem,electro-pneumaticsystemisoneofthiskindofapplication.TheuseofPLC,especiallyforsmallsizesystems,canbeveryexpensivefortheautomationproject.

Analternativeinthiscaseistocreateaspecificcontrollerthatcanoffertheexactlysizeandresourcesthattheprojectneeds[3,4].Thiscanbemadeusingmicrocontrollersasthebaseofthiscontroller.

Thecontroller,basedonmicrocontroller,canbeveryspecificandadaptedtoonlyonekindofmachineoritcanworkasagenericcontrollerthat

canbeprogrammedasausualPLCandworkwithlogicthatcanbechanged.Allthesecharacteristicsdependonwhatisneededandhowmuchexperience

thedesignerhaswithdevelopinganelectroniccircuitandfirmwareformicrocontroller.Butthemainadvantageofdesignthecontrollerwiththemicrocontrolleristhatthedesignerhasthetotalknowledgeofhiscontroller,whichmakesitpossibletocontrolthesizeofthecontroller,changethecomplexityandtheapplicationofit.Itmeansthattheprojectgetsmoreindependencefromothercompanies,butatthesametimetheresponsibilityofthecontrolofthesystemstaysatthedesignerhands.

2.Electro-pneumaticsystem

Onautomationsystemonecanfindthreebasiccomponentsmentionedbefore,plusalogiccircuitthatcontrolsthesystem.Anadequatetechniqueisneeded

toprojectthelogiccircuitandintegrateallthenecessarycomponentstoexecutethesequenceofmovementsproperly.

Forasimpledirectsequenceofmovementanintuitivemethodcanbeused[1,5],butforindirectormorecomplexsequencestheintuitioncangenerateaverycomplicatedcircuitandsignalmistakes.Itisnecessarytouseanothermethodthatcansavetimeoftheproject,makeacleancircuit,caneliminateoccasionalsignaloverlappingandredundantcircuits.Thepresentedmethodiscalledstep-by-steporalgorithmic[1,5],itisvalidforpneumaticandelectro-pneumaticsystemsanditwasusedasabaseinthiswork.Themethodconsistsofdesigningthesystemsbasedonstandardcircuitsmadeforeachchangeonthestateoftheactuators,thesechangesarecalledsteps.

Thefirstpartistodesignthosekindsofstandardcircuitsforeachstep,thenexttaskistolinkthestandardcircuitsandthelastpartistoconnectthecontrolelementsthatreceivesignalsfromsensors,switchesandthepreviousmovements,andgivetheairorelectricitytothesupplylinesofeachstep.InFigs.1and2thestandardcircuitsaredrawnforpneumaticandelectro-pneumaticsystem[8].Itispossibletoseetherelationswiththepreviousandthenextsteps.

3.Themethodappliedinsidethecontroller

heresultofthemethodpresentedbeforeisasequenceofmovementsoftheactuatorthatiswelldefinedbysteps.Itmeansthateachchangeonthepositionoftheactuatorsisanewstateofthesystemandthetransitionbetweenstatesiscalledstep.

Thestandardcircuitdescribedbeforehelpsthedesignertodefinethestatesofthesystemsandtodefinetheconditiontoeachchangebetweenthestates.Intheendofthedesign,thesystemisdefinedbyasequencethatneverchancesandstatesthathavetheinputsandtheoutputswelldefined.Theinputsaretheconditionforthetransitionandtheoutputsaretheresultofthetransition.

Alltheconfigurationofthosestepsstaysinsideofthemicrocontrollerandisexecutedthesamewayitwasdesigned.Thesequencesofstringsareprogrammedinsidethecontrollerwith5bytes;

eachstringhastheconfigurationofonestepoftheprocessTherearetwobytesfortheinputs,onebytefortheoutputsandtwomorefortheotherconfigurationsandauxiliaryfunctionsofthestep.Afterprogramming,thissequenceofstringsissavedinsideofanon-volatilememoryofthemicrocontroller,sotheycanbereadandexecuted

ThecontrollertaskisnottoworkinthesamewayasaconventionalPLC,butthepurposeofitistobeanexampleofaversatilecontrollerthatisdesignforanspecificarea.AconventionalPLCprocessthecontrolofthesystemusingacyclewhereitmakesanimageoftheinputs,executealltheconditionsdefinedbytheconfigurationprogrammedinside,andthenupdatethestateoftheoutputs.Thiscontrollerworksinadifferentway,whereitreadtheconfigurationofthestep,waittheconditionofinputstobesatisfied,thenupdatethestateortheoutputsandafterthatjumptothenextstepandstarttheprocessagain.

Itcangeneratesomelimitations,asthefactthatthiscontrollercannotexecute,insidetheprogram,movementsthatmustberepeatedforsometime,butthisproblemcanbesolvedwithsomeexternallogiccomponents.Anotherlimitationisthatthecontrollercannotbeappliedonsystemsthathavenosequence.Theselimitationsareacharacteristicofthesystemthatmustbeanalyzedforeachapplication.

4.Characteristicsofthecontroller

ThecontrollerisbasedontheMICROCHIPmicrocontrollerPIC16F877[6,7]with40pins,andithasalltheresourcesneededforthisprojectIthasenoughpinsforallthecomponents,serialcommunicationimplementedincircuit,EEPROMmemorytosavealltheconfigurationofthesystemandthesequenceofsteps.Fortheexecutionofthemainprogramitofferscompleteresourcesastimersandinterruptions.

Thelistofresourcesofthecontrollerwascreatedtoexploreallthecapacityofthemicrocontrollertomakeitascompleteaspossible.Duringthestep,theprogramchooseshowtousetheresourcesreadingtheconfigurationstringofthestep.Thisstringhastwobytesfordigitalinputs,oneusedasamaskandtheotheroneusedasavalueexpected.Onebyteisusedtoconfiguretheoutputsvalue.Onebytesmoreisusedfortheinternaltimer,theanaloginputortime-out.TheEEPROMmemoryinsideis256byteslengththatisenoughtosavethestringofthesteps,withthischaracteristicitispossibletosavebetween48steps（Table1）.

Thecontroller（Fig.3）hasalsoadisplayandsomebuttonsthatareusedwithaninteractivemenutoprogramthesequenceofstepsandotherconfigurations.

4.1.Interactioncomponents

Fortherealapplicationthecontrollermusthavesomeelementstointeractwiththefinaluserandtoofferacompletemonitoringofthesystemresourcesthatareavailabletothedesignerwhilecreatingthelogiccontrolofthepneumaticsystem（Fig.3）:

•Interactivemodeofwork;

functionavailableonthemainprogramfordidacticpurposes,theusergivesthesignaltoexecutethestep.

•LCDdisplay,whichshowsthestatusofthesystem,valuesofinputs,outputs,timerandstatisticsofthesequenceexecution.

•Beeptogiveimportantalerts,stop,startandemergency.

•Ledstoshowpoweronandotherstoshowthestateofinputsandoutputs.

4.2.Security

Tomakethefinalapplicationworksproperty,acorrectconfigurationtoexecutethestepsintherightwayisneeded,butmorethenthatitmustoffersolutionsincaseofbadfunctioningorproblemsintheexecutionofthesequence.Thecontrolleroffersthepossibilitytoconfiguretwointernalvirtualcircuitsthatworkinparalleltotheprincipal.Thesetwocircuitscanbeusedasemergencyorresetbuttonsandcanreturnthesystemtoacertainstateatanytime[2].Therearetwoinputsthatworkwithinterruptiontogetanimmediateaccesstothesefunctions.Itispossibletoconfiguretheposition,thebuttonsandthevalueoftime-outofthesystem.

4.3.Userinterface

Thesequenceofstringscanbeprogrammedusingtheinterfaceelementsofthecontroller.Acomputerinterfacecanalsobeusedtogeneratetheuserprogrameasily.Withagooddocumentationthefinalusercanusetheinterfacetoconfigurethestringsofbytesthatdefinethestepsofthesequence.Butitispossibletocreateaprogramwithvisualresourcesthatworksasatranslatortotheuser,itchangeshisworktothevaluesthatthecontrollerunderstands.

Toimplementthecommun