阅读方法与技巧READING STRATEGIES AND SKILLS文档格式.docx
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6.Understandingmainideas
7.Inferring
8.Understandingtextorganization
9.Assessingawriter’spurpose
10.Evaluatingawriter’sattitude.
1Predicting
Beforeyoureadatextindetail,itispossibletopredictwhatinformationyoumayfindinit.Youwillprobablyhavesomeknowledgeofthesubjectalready,andyoucanusethisknowledgetohelpyouanticipatewhatareadingtextcontains.Afterlookingatthetitle,forexample,youcanaskyourselfwhatyouknowanddonotknowaboutthesubjectbeforeyoureadthetext.Oryoucanformulatequestionsthatyouwouldliketohaveansweredbyreadingthetext.Theseexerciseswillhelpyoufocusmoreeffectivelyontheideasinatextwhenyouactuallystartreading.
Tohelpyoupredict,youmayalsouseskimmingandscanningstrategiesasdescribedbelow.
2Skimming
Skimminginvolvesreadingquicklythroughatexttogetanoverallideaofitscontents.Featuresofthetextthatcanhelpyouincludethefollowing:
(a)Title
(b)Sub-title(s)
(c)Detailsabouttheauthor
(d)Abstract
(e)Introductoryparagraph
(f)First,secondandlastsentencesoffollowingparagraphs
(g)Concludingparagraph
Atextmaynotcontainallofthesefeatures-theremaybenoabstract,forexample,andnosub-titles-butyoucanusuallyexpecttofindatleast(a),(e),(f)and(g).Focusingonthesewillgiveyouanunderstandingoftheoverallideaorgistofthetextyouarereading-inotherwords,ageneralunderstandingasopposedtoadetailedreading.
Anothertermforthiskindofreadingissurveying.Surveyingcanbedescribedaslookingquicklythroughabook,chapterofabook,articlefromajournal,etc.,todecidewhetherornotitissuitableforyourpurpose.Todecidewhetherornotatextissuitable,especiallyifitisabook,youwillalsoneedtofocusonthefollowingfeaturesinadditiontothosementionedabove:
(a)Editionanddateofpublication
(b)Tableofcontents
(c)Foreword
(d)Introduction
(e)Index
3Scanning
Whenyouscanatext,againyoulookquicklythroughit.However,unlikeskimming,scanninginvolveslookingforspecificwords,scanninginvolvesrapidreadingforthespecificratherthanthegeneral;
forparticulardetailsratherthantheoverallidea.Whenyoureadatext,forexample,youmaywanttofindonlyapercentagefigureorthedatesofparticularhistoricaleventsinsteadofthemainideas.Scanningwillhelpyoufindsuchinformationmoreefficiently.
4Detailedreading
Asecondandthirdreadingofatextwillalsofocusonthesecondaryideasanddetailswhichsupport,explainanddevelopthemainideas.Thiscanbedescribedasamorecomprehensivereading.Itinvolvesaslowerandmorecarefulreadingprocess.Atthisstageyoucanalsotrytoguessthemeaningofunfamiliarvocabulary.
5Guessingunknownwords
Itisunlikelythatyouwillunderstand100percentofthevocabularyinatext,especiallyatafirstreading.Usefirstthecontextandthenyourownknowledgeofthesubjecttohelpyouguessthemeaningofunknownwords.Atyourfirstreadingofatextitisusuallybestnottostopandconsultyourdictionary.Thiswillinterruptyourprocessofreadingandunderstanding.oftenthemeaningofunfamiliarwordsandphrasesbecomesclearasyoucontinuetoreadthroughthetext.Thedictionarycanbeusedatalaterstage.
Inusingthecontexttohelpyouguessunknownvocabulary,youcanreferfirsttoimmediatecontextandthentothewidercontextinwhichawordisfound.Theimmediatecontextisthesentenceinwhichawordisfound,andsometimesthesentencesimmediatelybeforeandafterthis.Thewidercontextcanincludeothersentencesandevenotherparagraphsinatext.Bothformsofcontextcanoftenprovideimportantinformationwhichhelpyouguessthemeaningofunfamiliarwords.
6Understandingmainideas
Youwillpracticerecognizingthemainideascontainedwithinatext.Intheprocessofskimmingyouwillalreadyhaveidentifiedsomeofthesemainideas.Duringasecondandthirdreadingyoucanrecognizeandunderstandthemmorefully.Eachparagraphwillusuallycontainonemainidea.sometimesreferredtoastheparagraphtopic.
Thereadingmaterialsprovideseveralexerciseswhichhelpyouidentifyandunderstandthemainideasinatext.Knowingthekeypointsinareadingtextisvitalinassessingitsimportanceandrelevanceforyourneeds.Understandingthemainideaswillalsoleadyoutoanunderstandingofawriter’sorganization.
7Inferring
Sometimesawriterwillsuggestorexpresssomethingindirectlyinatext.Inotherwords,awriterwillimplysomethingandleaveittothereadertoinferorunderstandwhatismeant.Whenwritersdothis,theyrelytosomeextentontheknowledgeoftheirreaders-knowledgeofasubjectorculturalknowledge,forexample.Inferringawriter’smeaningissometimesimportantintheprocessofunderstandingareadingtext.
8Understandingtextorganization
Writersstructure,ororganize,theirwritinginmanydifferentways.Recognizingthewayinwhichatexthasbeenorganizedwillhelpyouunderstanditsmeaningmorefully.Awritermaywant,forexample,tooutlineasituation,discussaproblemandproposeasolution.Thiswillusuallyresultinaparticularpatternoforganization.Orawritermaywanttocompareandcontrasttwoideasandwillchooseoneoftwobasicstructurescommonlyusedtocompareandcontrast.
Anotherfeaturerelatedtoorganizationisawriter’suseoftime.Togiveanaccountofeventsordescribeaprocess,writerswilloftenuseachronologicalorder,inwhicheventsarerecountedinthesgroupsinwhichtheyhaveoccurred.Otherwriterswillchoosetoorganizeanaccountofeventsindifferentways,perhapswithrepeatedcontrastsbetweenpastandpresenttime.
9Assessingawriter’spurpose
Onceyouunderstandtheorganizationofatext,youcanthenrecognizethewriter’spurposemoreclearly.Thetextorganizationawriterselectswillpartlydependuponhisorherparticularpurpose.Awritermaywanttoinformorpersuade,andheorshewillselectastructureorpatternoforganizationaccordingtothispurpose.
Awritermayalsointendtodobothofthesethingsinawrittentext-toinformaswillaspersuade.Insuchcasesitisoftenhelpfultotrytoassesswhichofthesepurposesseemstobemoreimportantordominant.
10Evaluatingawriter’sattitude.
Writersarenotnecessarilyneutralorobjectivewhentheywrite,particularlyifthearetryingtopersuadereaderstoagreewiththeiropinions.Itisimportantthatyourecognizewhatanauthor’sattitudeisinrelationtotheideasorinformationbeingpresented.Thisisbecausesuchattitudescaninfluencethewaysinwhichinformationispresented.Youwillbelookingatwaysinwhichawriter’sattitudemaybeidentified.Youwillalsopracticeevaluatinghowrelativelyneutralorbiasedhisorherattitudemaybe.
DEMONSTRATION-TEXTANDQUESTIONS
Donotreadthefollowingtextandquestionsfirst.GodirectlytotheHowtoAnswersectionwhichwillshowyouthemostefficientwayofansweringthequestions.
YOURPOSTOFFICE
atyourservice
Atourmainofficesweareintroducing,swheresappropriate,anumberofchangestohelpimprovethestandardofserviceprovidedtoourcustomers.
Similardevelopmentsaretakingplaceatmanyofouragencyoffices.
Improvements:
morestaffatpeakperiodsforfasterserviceasinglequeuingsystemforfairerservicespecialservicewindowsforsometransactionsPost-Shopsinmainofficeswiththeirownseparateservicetillforgreetingcards,stationery,stampsandgiftstherefurbishmentofanumberofmainofficestoprovideabetterenvironmentnewvendingmachineservicessuchascash-changemachines,andphonecardandstampdispensersforfasterserviceextendedopeninghoursatselectedmainofficesanewrangeofairpackageservices.Questions1-3Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassageabove?
Write:
TRUEifthestatementistrue
FALSEifthestatementisfalse
NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage
inthecorrectboxesonyouranswersheet.
1.Allofficeswillhavemorestaffthroughouttheday.
2.Therewillbespecialservicewindowsforcashtransactionsatallmainoffices.
3.Itwillbepossibletoobtainsomeitemsfrommachinesinmanyoffices.
Question4
UsingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSanswerthefollowingquestion.
4.Whichchangewillensurethatthecustomersaretreatedmorefairly?
Question5
ChoosethecorrectanswerbywritingA,B,C,orD.
5.Whichofficeswillstayopenlonger?
Aalloffices
Ballmainoffices
Csomemainoffices
Dsomeagencyoffices
HOWTOANSWER
BEFOREYOUANSWERANYQUESTIONS
Step1-Lookatthetextquickly(surveythetext)
Theheadingtellsyouthatthetextisaboutserviceatpostoffices.Thesub-headingandthepointslistedbelowitshoweightimprovementstotheservices.
QUESTION1
Step2-Readtheinstructionsandthequestion
Theinstructionsforquestions1-3tellyoutowriteTrue,FalseorNotGivenontheanswersheet.
Youarelookingforspecificinformationinthepassage.Thekeywordsforquestiononeare:
Allofficeswillha