智能坑槽修补车中英文对照外文翻译文献Word下载.docx

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Intelligentpotholemaintenancevehicle

introduction

1.1introduction

Vehiculartraffichasbeenrapidlygrowingovertherecentyearswithmoreprivatelyownedvehiclestakingtothestreetseachday.Today,trucksweighsignificantlymorethaneverbeforeandarecapableofcarryingmuchlargerpayloads.Thesituationisfurtherexacerbatedbythedeclineofrailroads.Thesefactorsinconjunctionwithinclementweatherresultinamajorchallengethattransportationdepartmentsthroughoutthecountryface-roaddamageintheformofpotholes.

Potholesarenotonlythecauseofsignificantdamagetovehiclesuspensionsystemsbutmay,inseverecases,resultinseriousaccidentsandpermanentinjury.Year-roundpotholerepairsisalsoamajorreasonforthedepletionofstatefunds.TheUnitedStatesalonespendsbillionsofdollarseveryyearonpavementmaintenance.Thusthereisanimpendingneedforpotholerepairtechniquesthatarecosteffectiveaswellaslonglasting.

ThischapterbeginswithadescriptionofthecausesforpotholeformationinSection1.2.Thisisfollowedbyadescriptionofthetypesofmaterialsandtechniquescommonlyusedforpotholerepair.Thesprayinjectiontechniqueofpotholerepairisdiscussedinsomedetailleadingtotheneedforanautomatedpotholerepairvehicle.Section1.3delineatestheresearchobjectivesofthisthesis.Section1.4liststhemajorcontributions.

ThisthesisfollowsthestyleofIEEETransactionsonAutomaticControl.Thefinalsectionprovidesanoverviewoftheorganizationofthethesis.

1.2Potholes-causesandrepairmethodology

“Apotholeisanypavementdefectinvolvingthesurfaceorthesurfaceandbase,totheextentthatitcausessignificantnoticeableimpactonvehicletiresandvehiclehandling.Allpotholesaretheresultoftheinteractionofwaterandtrafficonpavement.Mostarefoundonlocalroadandstreetsystems:

80%ofthenation’sroadsarelocalroadsandaremoreapttohave“justgrown”ratherthanbeingplannedfromthestartandaremuchmorelikelytohavewater,gasandotherutilitiesunderneath.”

1.2.1Potholeformation

Thedevelopmentofpotholesisduetothesimultaneouspresenceoftwofactors,waterandtraffic.Thesefactorsmaycausepotholesintwobasicways.Fatiguefailureoccursduetoexcessiveflexingofthepavement.Waterduetomeltingsnow,rainfall,orbaddrainageweakensthesoilbelowthepavement.Inthisweakenedcondition,trafficonthepavementcausesthepavementtostartflexing.Thisflexingeventuallyleadstocracksfollowedbybreakage.Thinnerpavementsaremorepronetothistypeofpotholing.Figure1.1showsapotholecausebyfatiguefailure.

Ravelingfailureoccurswhenwateronthepavementwashesawaytheadhesiveasphaltfilmsthatholdthestoneaggregatetogether.Trafficonsuchpavementscausesagradualravelingawayofthestoneparticles.Suchaconditionoccurswhenwaterhasachancetopermeateapavementthatlackssufficientdensitytopreventwaterpenetration.

Thebestwaytominimizeroaddamageistofollowacarefullyplannedpreventivemaintenancesystem.Thisincludesthelaying-outofwell-plannedroads,usingproperresurfacingmethods,ensuringadequatedrainagefacilities,regularlycheckingdrainsforblocks,andcarryingoutroadrepairsassoonaspossibletopreventfurtherdeterioration.

Figure1.1apotholecausedbyfatiguefailure

Despitethebestmeasurestakenbystatetransportauthorities,thedevelopmentofpotholesisinevitable.Preventivemaintenancecanatbestdelaytheiroccurrence.Itisthusessentialtosimultaneouslyfocusoncontinuouslyimprovingpotholerepairmethods.

1.2.2Potholerepairmethodology

Currentresearchonpotholerepaircanbedividedintotwobroadcategories.

1）RepairMaterials-Typicallythedifferenttypesofmixesthatareusedforpotholepatchingarehot-mixes,cold-mixes,heatedcold-mixes,andrecycledmixes.Hot-mixesfromanasphaltplantarethebestmaterialforpatchingpotholes.Howevertheuseofhot-mixesislimitedduetotheirunavailabilityinthewinterseasonasasphaltplantsareclosedatthetime.Also,hot-mixesdonotperformsatisfactorilywhenusedinwetpotholes.

Mostagenciesmakeuseofoneormoreofthreetypesofcoldasphaltmixesthatareavailabletothem-cold-mixesproducedbylocalasphaltplantsusinglocallyavailableaggregateandbinder,cold-mixesproducedaccordingtoagencyspecificationsincludingacceptabletypesofaggregateandasphalt,andproprietarycold-mixesthatusespecificallyformulatedbinders.Thelattertwotypesofcold-mixeshavetobecheckedforthecompatibilityofthebinderandtheaggregate.Proprietarycold-mixesincludehigh-performancemixeswithanti-strippingandadhesiveagents.Whilebeingmoreexpensive,thesehigh-performancemixessignificantlyincreasetheservicelifeoftherepairandareabetteralternativeforpotholerepair.

2）RepairTechniques-Fourtypesofrepairtechniquesarecommonlyutilizedforpotholepatchingasdescribedin.

a）Throw-and-roll-Thismethodconsistsofplacingthepatchingmaterialintothepotholeandthencompactthepatchusingtrucktires.Thecompactedpatchmusthaveacrownbetween3mmand6mm.Figure1.2showsthefillingstageofthethrow-and-rollmethod.

Figure1.2thethrow-and-rollprocedure-materialplacement

b）Semi-permanent-Thismethodconsistsofremovingthewateranddebrisfromthepothole.Thesidesofthepatchareaarethensquared-upandthemixtureisplacedintothepothole.Thisisfollowedbycompactthemixture.

c）SprayInjection-Thismethodconsistsofblowingwateranddebrisfromthepothole.Thesidesandbottomofthepotholearethensprayedwithatackcoatofbinder.Next,aggregateissimultaneouslypremixedwithheatedasphaltemulsionandsprayedintothepothole,andfinallythepatchedareaiscoveredwithalayerofaggregate.Thesprayinjectionmethoddoesnotrequirecompacting.

d）EdgeSeal-Likethrow-and-roll,thismethodconsistsofplacingthemixtureinthepotholeandcompactitusingtrucktires.Oncethepatchhasdried,aribbonofasphaltictackmaterialisplacedonthepatchedgeandalayerofsandisplacedonthetackmaterial.

Anothermethodoftenusedisthethrow-and-gomethod.Thisinvolvestheplacingofmixtureintopotholesfollowedbylittleornocompaction.Whilethisisthemostexpedientwayofpotholerepair,itisalsotheleasteffective.Thethrow-and-gomethodcansignificantlyincreaselongtermexpendituresandmustnotbeusedasameansforpotholerepair.

Thethrow-and-rollmethodhasprovedtobeveryeffectivewhenperformedusinghigh-performancemixes.Withhighqualitymixesthethrow-and-rollmethodhasbeenshowntobeaseffectiveasthesemi-permanentmethodandisalsocomparativelylesslaborintensive.Thesemi-permanentmethodalsohashigherequipmentcostandlowerproductivity.

Thesprayinjectionmethodisaveryeffectiveandwidelyacceptedmethodforpotholepatching.Itofferspotentialforgreaterproductivityandefficiencyandcanoperateinextremecoldweather.Alongwiththethrow-and-rollmethoditproducesthehighestqualityrepairsandisthemostcosteffectiveinthelongrun.

1.2.3Sprayinjectionpatching

Therearethreetypesofunitsusedforsprayinjectionpotholepatchingasdescribedin[9].

1）Trailer-TypeUnit-Inthisunit,adumptruckpullsatrailerandfeedsaggregatethroughamodifiedtailgateintothetrailerunit.Aminimumoftwopeoplearerequired.Onepersonworksbehindthetrailertocontroladeliveryhosesuspendedfromaboomontherearoftheunit.

2）Modified-TruckUnit-HerethepatchingequipmentismountedonthechassisofanexistingDepartmentofTransportation（DOT）truck.Theneedforatraileriseliminated;

thesprayinjectionhoseandboomarestilloperatedfromtherearofthetruck.

3）Self-ContainedUnit-Onlyonepersonisrequiredtopatchthepothole.Thesprayinjectionequipmentisbuiltintothetruckchassis.Patchingiscarriedoutbythetruckoperatorusingajoysticktoremotelycontrolthesprayingoperations.Theboomandattachedhoseextendfromthefrontofthetruck.Figure1.3showsaself-containedunit.

Theself-containedunithasbeenfoundtoperformextremelysatisfactorilyinallconditions.However,amajordisadvantageofthistypeofunitistheinitialcapitalexpenditureintherangeof$120,000.Thisisoff-setiflongtermoperationalcostsaretakenintoaccount.The“IDOT（IllinoisDepartmentofTransportation）hasestimatedthatusingoneself-containedtruckunitinsevenmaintenancedistrictswouldresultforeachdistrict,inalaborsavingsof53personyearsovera10-yearcycle;

materialandequipmentsavingswouldbe$1.05million.”

Figure1.3Sprayinjectiondevice-self-containedunit

Asisevidentfromtheprecedingdiscussion,overtheyears,advancementintechnologyhasplayedatremendousroleinincreasingthelifetimeofrepairpatcheswhileatthesametimereducingcosts.High-performancematerialsandequipment（likeself-containedunits）arereplacingconventionalrepairmethods.Thenextlogicaladvancementinpotholerepairtechniquesistheautomationofroadrepair.Automationwilleliminatetheneedforexpensivelaborandproduceconsistentresults.Costsavingsthatcanbederivedbyusinganautomatedroadrepairprocessareestimatedin.Thusfar,impedimentsinthesuccessofautomatedroadrepairvehicleshavebeentheirhighinitialcostandthecomplexityofpotholedetection.

Thisthesisdescribesthedesignandconstructionofanovelprototyperoad-repairvehiclethatautomatesroadrepairprovidinganeasy-to-construct