英语四级高级语法讲义Word文件下载.docx
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那孩子的健康状况尚好,但就是偶尔患感冒。
Dobequiet.ItoldyouIhadaheadache.
务必安静,我告诉过你,我头疼。
4.用“...andthat”,“...andthose”,等结构表示强调
e.g.Theyfulfilledthetask,andthatinafewdays.
他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。
Igavehersomepresents,andthosethedaybeforeyesterday.
前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。
5.用双重否定结构表示强调
e.g.Thereisnoreasonwhythisnewimmigrantshouldnothavethesamesuccess.
完全有理由相信这些新移民应该拥有相同的成功。
Amancanneverhavetoomanyties.
一个男人有再多的领带也不为过。
Ican'
tthankyoutoomuch.
我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。
Amothercanneverbepatientenoughwithherchild.
Iamnotunfaithfultoyou.我对你无比忠诚。
6.用短语“ineveryway”,“innoway”,“byallmeans”,“bynomeans”,“onlytoo”,“alltoo”,“buttoo”,“inheaven”,“intheworld”,“inhell”,“onearth”,“underthesun”等表示强调
e.g.Hisbehaviourwasineverywayperfect.
他的举止确实无可挑剔。
Thenewswasonlytootrue.
这消息确实是事实。
Whereinheavenwereyouthen?
当时你到底在哪里?
7.用倒装句表示强调
8.用强调句型表示强调
Itisthat或Itiswho
e.g.Itwastheheadmasterwhoopenedthedoorforme.
正是校长为我开的门。
Itwasyesterdaythatwecarriedoutthatexperiment.
就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。
定语从句
一、定语从句的回顾
FruitthatcontainsvitaminCcanrelieveacold.
Themanwhowemetyesterdayisafamouspsychologist.
iuThisistherightbookthatyouarelookingfor.
二、关系词充当宾语的时候
三、关系词充当主语
(1)谓语结构为实词
(2)谓语结构为be+名词
四、先行词为theway
定语从句省略
Acontrolboxfittedtothecarcontainsamini-cellphone,amicro-processorandmemory,andaGPS(全球定位系统)satellitepositioningreceiver.(06。
6旧)
Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.(06。
Interestinpursuinginternationalcareershassoaredinrecentyears,enhancedbychronic(长久的)personnelshortagesthatarecausingcompaniestosearchbeyondtheirhomebordersfortalent.(06。
Itenrolls90,000student,astatisticusedtosupportitsclaimtobethelargestprivateuniversityinthecountry.(07.12)
Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatannualrateof3.9percent,form800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.(07.12)
18.W:
Youhadajobinterviewyesterday,didn’tyou?
Howdiditgo?
M:
Nottoobad,Iguess.Therewereabout20candidatescompetingforthesalesmanager’sjob.Andfinallyitwasdowntothreeofus,buttheothertwoseemedbetterqualified.
Q:
Whatdoesthemanimply?
A)Heisconfidenthewillgetthejob.
B)Hischanceofgettingthejobisslim.
C)Itisn’teasytofindaqualifiedsalesmanager.
D)Theinterviewdidn’tgoaswellasheexpected.
Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.09.12
汉密尔顿并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外国任职的教育家。
whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleader(whois)familiarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget.科罗拉多大学董事会在遴选新校长时,想聘用一个与州政府熟悉的领导人,因为州政府是学校的主要资金来源。
09.12
Careerexpertssaythatoneoftheways(that)jobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。
部分倒装
部分倒装的形式:
主谓宾保持原来的形式,谓语动词的助动词放到主语的前面。
1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时,这个句子就需要部分倒装
这类词语有hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,never,few,little,less,atnotime,bynomeans,innocase,undernocircumstance,innoway,onnoaccount,onnoconsideration,nolonger,notonly等。
eg.Heneversmokes.他从来不抽烟。
Neverdoeshesmoke.eg.Notonlydidthecustomercomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.这位顾客不仅仅抱怨食物不好,还拒绝付费。
eg.在任何情况下我都不会相信你。
UndernocircumstancedoItrustyou.
2、当句首为only加状语的时候,这个句子需要部分倒装。
eg.OnlywithyoucanIfeelhappy.eg.只有当你来了这,我们才可以开始会议。
Onlywhenyoucome,canwestartthemeeting.
3、so......that结构中的so位于句首时,常引起部分倒装
eg.HerunssofastthatIcan'
tcatchupwithhim.他跑得实在是太快了,以致于我都没有办法追上他。
SofastdoesherunthatIcan'
tcatchupwithhim.
eg.Themoonwassobrightthattheflowersbrightasbyday.皓月当空,花朵就像白天那样的鲜艳。
Sobrightwasthemoonthattheflowersbrightasbyday.
4、句子开头的as处在第二个单词的位置上,表示虽然的意思。
eg.AlthoughIamyoung,Icanlivebymyself.虽然我很小但是我却能养活自己了。
YoungasIam,Icanlivebymyself.
eg.Althoughsheisagirl,shecansupporttheholefamily.虽然她是个女孩,但是她却可以养活整个家庭的人。
Girlassheis,shecansupporttheholefamily.
eg.AlthoughIlikemusicverymuch,....MuchasIlikemusic,.....
5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。
hardly.....when....一......就......scarcely.....when.....
hardly,scarcely后面一定要用过去完成时,when后面用一般过去时。
eg.Hardlyhadheseenmewhenheranaway.他一看到我就跑开了。
eg.Hardlyhadthebabycriedwhenhismotherrushedtocarryhim.婴儿一哭,他妈妈就跑去抱他。
nosooner....than.....一......就......
nosooner后面一定要用过去完成时,than的后面用一般过去时。
eg.Nosoonerhadtheyreachedhomethanitrainedmoreandmoreheavily.他们一到家,雨就越下越大起来。
themore......themore...越....越....
eg.Theharderyouwork,thehappieryoufeel.你工作越努力,就越觉得快乐。
状语从句
1、主句和从句的主语保持一致,称为分词作状语。
2、若前后主语不一致,则称作独立主格结构。
1、分词作状语
(1)条件:
状语从句,前后主语一致
(2)形式:
分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后
(3)省略方式:
关系词(可保留)+动词形式变化(-ing/-ed)
一、用作时间状语
1.典型例句
When[Assoonas]themousesawthecat,itranoff.
Seeingthecat,themouseranoff.见到猫,老鼠就跑了。
真题示例:
When_______differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.(2006浙江卷)
A.comparedB.beingcomparedC.comparingD.havingcompared
二、用作原因状语
Asshewasveryweak,shecouldn’tmove.
Becauseshewasmuchdiscouraged,shemovedontoLondon.
(1)______withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.(2006四川卷)
A.FacedB.FaceC.FacingD.Toface
三、用作条件状语
Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.
Ifweareunited,westand;
ifwearedivided,wefall.
Ifwehadbeengivenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.
四、用作让步状语
Althoughlivingmilesaway,heattendedthecourse.虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。
五、用作伴随状语
Hesatinthechairreadinganewspaper.他坐在椅子上看报。
Hecamein,followedbyhiswife.他走了进来,后面跟着他的妻子。
Mycousincametoseemefromthecountry,______meafullbasketoffreshfruits.
A.broughtB.bringingC.tobringD.hadbrought
Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketballs,_____thatallchildrenlikethesethings.
A.thinkingB.thinkC.tothinkD.thought
六、用作方式状语
Hecameasweexpected.
Hecameashewasexpected.
I'
mreturningyourletterasrequested.我按要求给你退信。
七、用作结果状语
Hefiredandkilledoneofthepassers-by.
Hefired,killingoneofthepassers-by.他开枪了,打死了一个过路人。
Hediedandlefthiswifewithfivechildren.
Hedied,leavinghiswifewithfivechildren.他死了,留下他妻子和五个孩子。
Heglancedoverather,______thatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywellputtogether.
A.notingB.notedC.tonoteD.havingnoted
Speedingoffinastolencar,thethiefthinkshehasgotagreatcatch.Butheisinforanunwelcomesurprise.(06.6旧)
_____bythesuperstarsontelevision,theyoungathletestrainedhardandplayedintensely.
A)ImitatedB)ImposedC)InsuredD)Inspired(06.6旧)
Whenapplyingforajob,oneusuallyhastosubmitaresumeorcurriculumvitae(CV).Alarmedbythisstateof_____,theJapanAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(JAMA)proceededacomprehensivestudyofthemarketin2006.(09.完形)
A)messB)boomC)growthD)decay
Stickingtothelowendofthegovernmentestimates,theNationalResourcesDefenceCouncilsaysthereweremaybenomorethan3.2billionbarrelsofeconomicallyrecoverableoilinthecoastalplainoftheANWR,adropinthebucketthatwoulddovirutallynothingtoeaseAmerica'
senergyproblems..
在状语从句中,若前后主从句主语一致,则省略从句的主语,将后面的动词发生形式上的变化,主动语态变成ing形式,若是被动语态,则变为ed形式。
让步状语
常见的连接词有though,although,as,while,eventhough
区分though,although,as
eg:
Although/thoughheisachild,hecanlivebyhimself.
as表示虽然的时候,要进行倒装;
Childas/thoughheis,hecanlivebyhimself.
Although/thoughsheworksveryhard,shemakesverylittleprogress.
Hardassheworks,shemakesverylittleprogress.
Although/thoughsheisyoung,shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.
Youngassheis,shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.
while:
连接两个句子,表示虽然,但是;
Heisexperiencedwhileheisyoung.
真题分析:
1.Theanti-virusagentwasnotknown
(直到一名医生偶然发现了它)
untiladoctorfinditbychance.
2.Iwouldprefershoppingonlinetoshoppinginadepartmentstorebecause__________(它更加方便和省时)
itismoreconvenientandtimesaving.
3.Butsincewaterismuchcheaperthanwine,andmanyofthefancierbrandsaren’tavailableinstores,mostdinersdon’tnoticeorcare.
4.Whilethere’snoquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou.