Chapter 1Introduction to Flight TrainingWord文档格式.docx

Chapter 1Introduction to Flight TrainingWord文档格式.docx

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Theoverallpurposeofprimaryandintermediateflighttraining,asoutlinedinthishandbook,istheacquisitionandhoningof 

basicairmanshipskills. 

Airmanship 

canbedefinedas:

∙Asoundacquaintancewiththeprinciplesofflight,

∙Theabilitytooperateanairplanewithcompetenceandprecisionbothongroundandintheair,and

∙Theexerciseofsoundjudgmentthatresultsinoptimaloperationalsafetyandefficiency.

Learningtoflyanairplanehasoftenbeenlinkedtolearningtodriveanautomobile.Thisanalogyismisleading.Sinceanairplaneoperatesinadifferentenvironment,threedimensional,itrequiresatypeofmotorskilldevelopmentthatismoresensitivetothissituationsuchas:

∙Coordination--Theabilitytousethehandsandfeettogethersubconsciouslyandintheproperrelationshiptoproducedesiredresultsintheairplane.

∙Timing--Theapplicationofmuscularcoordinationattheproperinstanttomakeflight,andallmaneuversincidentthereto,aconstantsmoothprocess.

∙Controltouch--Theabilitytosensetheactionoftheairplaneanditsprobableactionsintheimmediatefuture,withregardtoattitudeandspeedvariations,bythesendingandevaluationofvaryingpressuresandresistanceofthecontrolsurfacestransmittedthroughthecockpitflightcontrols.

∙Speedsense--Theabilitytosenseinstantlyandreacttoanyreasonablevariationofairspeed.

Anairmanbecomesonewiththeairplaneratherthanamachineoperator.Anaccomplishedairmandemonstratestheabilitytoassessasituationquicklyandaccuratelyanddeducethecorrectproceduretobefollowedunderthecircumstance;

toanalyzeaccuratelytheprobableresultsofagivensetofcircumstancesorofaproposedprocedure;

toexercisecareanddueregardforsafety;

togaugeaccuratelytheperformanceoftheairplane;

andtorecognizepersonallimitationsandlimitationsoftheairplaneandavoidapproachingthecriticalpointsofeach.Thedevelopmentofairmanshipskillsrequireseffortanddedicationonthepartofboththestudentpilotandtheflightinstructor,beginningwiththeveryfirsttrainingflightwhereproperhabitformationbeginswiththestudentbeingintroducedtogoodoperatingpractices.

Everyairplanehasitsownparticularflightcharacteristics.Thepurposeofprimaryandintermediateflighttraining,however,isnottolearnhowtoflyaparticularmakeandmodelairplane.Theunderlyingpurposeofflighttrainingistodevelopskillsandsafehabitsthataretransferabletoanyairplane.Basicairmanshipskillsserveasafirmfoundationforthis.Thepilotwhohasacquirednecessaryairmanshipskillsduringtraining,anddemonstratestheseskillsbyflyingtraining-typeairplaneswithprecisionandsafeflyinghabits,willbeabletoeasilytransitiontomorecomplexandhigherperformanceairplanes.Itshouldalsoberememberedthatthegoalofflighttrainingisasafeandcompetentpilot,andthatpassingrequiredpracticaltestsforpilotcertificationisonlyincidentaltothisgoal.

RoleoftheFAA

TheFederalAviationAdministration（FAA）isempoweredbytheU.S.Congresstopromoteaviationsafetybyprescribingsafetystandardsforcivilaviation.ThisisaccomplishedthroughtheCodeofFederalRegulations（CFRs）formerlyreferredtoasFederalAviationRegulations（FARs）.

Title14oftheCodeofFederalRegulations（14CFR）part61pertainstothecertificationofpilots,flightinstructors,andgroundinstructors.14CFRpart61prescribestheeligibility,aeronauticalknowledge,flightproficiency,andtrainingandtestingrequirementsforeachtypeofpilotcertificateissued.

14CFRpart67prescribesthemedicalstandardsandcertificationproceduresforissuingmedicalcertificatesforairmenandforremainingeligibleforamedicalcertificate.

14CFRpart91containsgeneraloperatingandflightrules.Thesectionisbroadinscopeandprovidesgeneralguidanceintheareasofgeneralflightrules,visualflightrules（VFR）,instrumentflightrules（IFR）,aircraftmaintenance,andpreventivemaintenanceandalterations.

WithintheFAA,theFlightStandardsServicesetstheaviationstandardsforairmenandaircraftoperationsintheUnitedStatesandforAmericanairmenandaircraftaroundtheworld.TheFAAFlightStandardsServiceisheadquarteredinWashington,D.C.,andisbroadlyorganizedintodivisionsbasedonworkfunction（AirTransportation,AircraftMaintenance,TechnicalPrograms,aRegulatorySupportDivisionbasedinOklahomaCity,OK,andaGeneralAviationandCommercialDivision）.RegionalFlightStandardsdivisionmanagers,oneateachoftheFAA'

snineregionaloffices,coordinateFlightStandardsactivitieswithintheirrespectiveregions.

TheinterfacebetweentheFAAFlightStandardsServiceandtheaviationcommunity/generalpublicisthelocalFlightStandardsDistrictOffice（FSDO）.Theapproximately90FSDOsarestrategicallylocatedacrosstheUnitedStates,eachofficehavingjurisdictionoveraspecificgeographicarea.TheindividualFSDOsisresponsibleforallairactivityoccurringwithinitsgeographicboundaries.Inadditiontoaccidentinvestigationandtheenforcementofaviationregulations,theindividualFSDOisresponsibleforthecertificationandsurveillanceofaircarriers,airoperators,flightschools/trainingcenters,andairmenincludingpilotsandflightinstructors.

EachFEDOisstaffedbyaviationsafetyinspectorswhosespecialtiesincludeoperations,maintenance,andavionics.Generalaviationoperationsinspectorsarehighlyqualifiedandexperiencedaviators.Onceacceptedfortheposition,aninspectormustsatisfactorilycompleteacourseofindoctrinationtrainingconductedattheFAAAcademy,whichincludesairmanevaluationandpilottestingtechniquesandprocedures.Thereafter,theinspectormustcompleterecurrenttrainingonaregularbasis.Amongotherduties,theFSDOinspectorisresponsibleforadministeringFAApracticaltestsforpilotandflightinstructorcertificatesandassociatedratings.Allquestionsconcerningpilotcertification（and/orrequestsforotheraviationinformationorservices）shouldbedirectedtotheFSDOhavingjurisdictionintheparticulargeographicarea.FSDOtelephonenumbersarelistedinthebluepagesofthetelephonedirectoryunderUnitedStatesGovernmentoffices,DepartmentofTransportation,FederalAviationAdministration.

RoleofthePilotExaminer

PilotandflightinstructorcertificatesareissuedbytheFAAuponsatisfactorycompletionofrequiredknowledgeandpracticaltests.TheadministrationofthesetestsisanFAAresponsibilitynormallycarriedoutattheFSDOlevelbyFSDOinspectors.TheFAA,however,beingaU.S.governmentagency,haslimitedresourcesandmustprioritizeitsresponsibilities.Theagency'

shighestpriorityisthesurveillanceofcertificatedaircarriers,withthecertificationofairmen（includingpilotsandflightinstructor）havingalowerpriority.

Inordertosatisfythepublicneedforpilottestingandcertificationservices,theFAAdelegatescertainoftheseresponsibilities,astheneedarises,toprovideindividualswhoarenotFAAemployees.Adesignatedpilotexaminer（DPE）isaprivatecitizenwhoisdesignatedasarepresentativeoftheFAAAdministratortoperformspecific（butlimited）pilotcertificationtasksonbehalfoftheFAA,andmaychargeareasonablefeefordoingso.Generally,aDPE'

sauthorityislimitedtoacceptingapplicationsandconductingpracticaltestsleadingtotheissuanceofspecificpilotcertificatesand/orratings.ADPEoperatesunderthedirectsupervisionoftheFSDOthatholdstheexaminer'

sdesignationfile.AFSDOinspectorisassignedtomonitortheDPE'

scertificationactivities.Normally,theDPEisauthorizedtoconducttheseactivitiesonlywithinthedesignatingFSDO'

sjurisdictionalarea.

TheFAAselectsonlyhighlyqualifiedindividualstobedesignatedpilotexaminers.Theseindividualsmusthavegoodindustryreputationsforprofessionalism,highintegrity,ademonstratedwillingnesstoservethepublic,andadheretoFAApoliciesandproceduresincertificationmatters.Adesignatedexaminerisexpectedtoadministerpracticaltestswiththesamedegreeofprofessionalism,usingthesamemethods,procedures,andstandardsasanFAAaviationsafetyinspector.Itshouldberemembered,however,thataDPEisnotanFAAaviationsafetyinspector.ADPEcannotinitiateenforcementaction,investigateaccidents,orperformsurveillanceactivitiesonbehalfoftheFAA.However,themajorityofFAApracticaltestsattherecreational,private,andcommercialpilotlevelareadministratedbyFAAdesignatedpilotexaminers.

RoleoftheFlightInstructor

Theflightinstructoristhecornerstoneofaviationsafety.TheFAAhasadoptedanoperationaltrainingconceptthatplacesthefullresponsibilityforstudenttrainingontheauthorizedflightinstructor.Inthisrole,theinstructorassumesthetotalresponsibilityfortrainingthestudentpilotinalltheknowledgeareasandskillsnecessarytooperatesafelyandcompetentlyasacertificatedpilotintheNationalAirspaceSystem.Thistrainingwillincludeairmanshipskills,pilotjudgementanddecisionmaking,andacceptedgoodoperatingpractices.

AnFAAcertificatedflightinstructorhastomeetbroadflyingexperiencerequirements,passrigidknowledgeandpracticaltests,anddemonstratetheabilitytoapplyrecommendedteachingtechniquesbeforebeingcertificated.Inaddition,theflightinstructor'

scertificatemustberenewedevery24monthsbyshowingcontinuedsuccessintrainingpilots,orbysatisfactorilycompletingaflightinstructor'

srefreshercou