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■、Winogradsky
■、Woese
4、Fungidifferfrombacteriainanumberofcharacteristics、Thecellwallsinfungiareposedof,whilethecellwallsofbacteriaareposedofpeptidoglycan、A
■、chitin壳多糖
■、phospholipid磷脂
■、protein蛋白质
■、glucosamine葡糖胺
5、Thefirstmicroscopesweredevelopedby:
■、Ehrlich
■、Metchnikoff
■、Leewenhoek
■、Lister
6、Controlofmicrobialinfectionscanbeacplishedbychemicalorimmunemechanisms、Thefirstreportontheproductionofanantibiotic（抗生素）iscreditedto:
■、Fleming
■、Koch
7、Theterm"
antibiotic"
means:
■、asubstanceproducedbythelaboratorythatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms
■、asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitsmolds（霉菌）
■、asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismthatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms
■、asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitscancercells
8、Thefirstdocumenteduseofavaccine（疫苗）forsmallpox天花wasreportedbytheEnglishphysician:
■、Florey
■、Jenner
9、Activeimmunity（主动免疫）canbedistinguishedfrompassiveimmunityinthattheformerrequires:
B
■、developmentofantibodiesinone'
sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantibodies
sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantigens（抗原）
■、Flemingdevelopmentofantibodiesinaforeignhostandtransfertoone'
sownbody
■、developmentofantigensinone'
10、Theprocessofnitrification（硝化作用）bybacteriadescribedbyWinogradskyconverts:
A
■、ammoniatonitrateions将氨转化成硝酸盐
■、nitrateionstoammonia将硝酸盐转化成氨
■、N2toammonia将氮气转化成氨
■、ammoniatourea将氨转化成尿素
11、ThetransferofDNAfromoneorganismtoanotherthroughtheuseofaviralvector（病毒载体）isreferredtoas:
■、electroporation电穿孔
■、conjugation接合生殖
■、transformation转化
■、transduction转导
12、Thegeneticmaterialofabacteriaislocatedinthemolecule:
■、RNA
■、DNA
■、protein
■、lipid
■FillintheBlank
1、Organismsthatcontainatruenucleusarecalled__eukaryotic_____
2、Bacteriadonothaveatruenucleusandareconsidered_____prokaryotic__
3、Bacteriacanbedividedintotwogroups,the___archeabacteria____andthe____eubacteria（真细菌）___、
4、___anaerobes（厌氧菌）___areorganismsthatcangrowwithoutusingmolecularoxygen、
5、MicroorganismsthatcansynthesizeplexorganicpoundsfromCO2:
arecalled___autotrophs_（自养菌）__、
6、_photoautotrophs（光能自养生物）_____aremicroorganismsthatobtaintheirenergytosynthesizeorganicpoundsfromlight、
7、_heterotroph_（异养菌）___requireorganicpoundsforgrowth、
8、Organismsthatsurviveonlyatveryhightemperaturesarereferredtoas__thermophile_（适温性）___、
9、_methanogen_（产甲烷菌）____areorganismsthatproducemethane（甲烷）fromCO2、
10、___halophile_（好盐得）__organismsgrowunderconditionsofhighsalinity、
11、Eubacteriacanexhibitanumberofmorphologicalshapes、Identifyfour:
a、_sphericalorcocci_____b、_cylindricalorrod_____c、__spirals____d、___irregular__
12、Fungi,algaeandprotozoacanbedifferentiatedfrombacteriabythefollowingcharacteristic:
___eukaryotic____、
13、Fungihavecellwallconsistingof__chitin（壳多糖）_____、
14、Virusesconsistof_nucleicacid_____surroundedbyaproteincoat、
15、Thescientificmethodutilizesdeductivereasoning（演绎推理）andobservationsorexperimentstoproveordisprovea_hypothesis_（假说）___、
16、Thetheory_spontaneousgeneration______ofheldthatlivingorganismscouldarisefromnonlivingmatter、（非生命物质）
17、Theprocessusedtoreducethenumberofviableorganisms（活菌）bymoderateheatingiscalled:
_pasteurization__（巴士消毒法）___、
18、Theprocessoftyndallization（间歇灭菌法）usesrepeatedheatingtoeliminateor___sterilize（杀菌）____microorganismsfromsolutions、
19、An_antibiotic（抗生素）______isasubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatinhibitsorkillsothermicroorganisms、
20、Theprocessofstimulatingtheimmunedefensesofthebodyisreferredtoas__immunization_____、
21、Whitebloodcellsthatengulf（吞食）foreignparticles（异物颗粒）arereferredtoas_phagocytes___（吞噬细胞）__、
22、Asubstanceinserum（免疫血清）thatcanneutralize（中与）foreignmaterialisreferredtoas__antitoxin_（抗毒素）___or__antibody__（抗体）__、
23、Cellsinfectedwithavirusproduceasubstancecalled__interfewn____thatinhibitsviralreplication、
24、Avery,ColinandMacLeodfirstdemonstratedthattransformationofnonpathogenic（非病原得）topathogenicstrains（致病菌株）ofbacteriacouldbecarriedoutbythetransferof___DNA___、
25、Exchangeofgeneticinformationbydirectcontactisreferredtoas__conjugation____、
26、_transformation_（转化）____istheprocessinwhichDNAistransferredfromonebacteriatoanother、
■Matching
l、FrancisBacona、phagocytosis吞噬作用
2、AntonLeeuwenhoekb、antibody抗体
3、PaulEhrlichc、nitrification硝化作用
4、HansGramd、immunization免疫法
5、LouisPasteure、threekingdomclassificationbasedonrRNA
6、RobertKochf、structureofDNA
7、JosephListerg、firstmicroscope第一台显微镜
8、AlexanderFlemingh、conjugationortransduction接合与转导作用
9、EdwardJenneri、differentialstainforbacteria
10、EliMetchnikoffj、interferon干扰素
11、EmilvonBehringk、rabiesvaccine狂犬病疫苗
12、AlickIsaac1、penicillin青霉素
13、SergeiWinogradskym、antiseptic（防腐剂）technique
14、JoshuaLederbergn、establishedthatbacteriacancausedisease
15、WatsonandCricko、magicbullet
16、CarlWoesep、scientificmethod
1、p2、g3、o4、i
5、k6、n7、m8、l
9、d10、a11、b12、j
13、c14、h15、f16、e
Test2:
MethodsforStudyingMicroorganisms
1、Lightmicroscopy（光学显微镜术）isdependentontheinteractionoflightwithonobject、Theabilityoflighttopassthroughanobjectisreferredtoas:
■、transportedlight
■、transmittedlight透射光
■、reflectedlight反射光
■、refractedlight折射光
2、Theresolvingpower（R）（分辨率）ofamicroscopeisdependentonthewavelength（波长）oflight（;
~）andthenumericalaperture（NA）ofthelens、Theformula（公式）forRis:
B
■、R=0、5~、xNA
■、R=0、5;
~/NA
■、R=NA/0、5Jr
■、R=Squarerootof0、5）、/NA
？
3、Thegramstain（革兰氏染色）uses~asamordant（媒染剂）tofixtheprimarystain:
■、iodine碘
■、alcohol乙醇
■、acetone丙酮
■、safranin番红
4、Theacid-faststain（抗酸性染色）isusefulintheidentificationofwhichofthefollowingorganisms:
■、Staphylococcusaureus金黄色葡萄球菌
■、Mycoplasmamycoides霉菌样支原体
■、Mycobacteriatuberculosis结核分枝杆菌
■、Moraxellaosloensis奥斯陆摩拉克菌,
5、Botulism（肉毒中毒）isaseriousdiseasethatcandevelopfromtheimpropercookingoffoodcontainingbacterialspores（孢子）、Whichofthefollowinggenera（属）arecapableofproducingspores?
■、Salmonella沙门氏菌属
■、Listeria利斯塔氏菌属
■、Escherichia埃希氏菌属
■、Clostridia梭菌属
6、Whichofthefollowingtypesofmicroscopesutilizeselectronbeams（电子束）tovisualize（使可见）objects?
B
■、Nomarski
■、TEM投射型电子显微镜
■、PCM脉冲
■、Confocal共焦得
7、Amixtureoforganismswasisolatedfromapatientsuspectedofhaving"
StrepThroat、"
（脓毒性咽喉炎）Whichtypeofmediawouldyouusetoisolatethesuspectedpathogen（病原体）?
D
■、defined
■、enriched
■、selective
■、differential
8、Sterilization（灭菌）ofmaterialwithanautoclave（高压灭菌锅）utilizessteamtokillmicroorganisms、Thecorrectprocedureforsterilizationwithanautoclaveis:
■、15minat121℃at15lb/in2
■、15minat256℃at15lb/in2
■、15minat121℃at1lb/in2
■、15rainat121℃at30lb/in2
9、Anantibioticwasaddedtoacultureofbacteriatodetermineitseffect、Whatmethodofenumerationwouldyouusetodeterminetheefficacyoftheantibiotic?
B
■、directcount直接计数
■、viablecount活菌数
■、turbidimetriccount浊度计数
■、absorbance吸光度
10、Identificationofmicroorganisms（微生物）canbeacplished（完成）byanumberoftechniques、Whichofthefollowingrequiresthegrowthoftheorganism?
■、enzymelinkedassay（含量测定）
■、geneprobe基因探针
■、metabolic代谢
■、fluorescent荧光
1、Amedia（培养基）wherealltheingredients（成分）areknowniscalleda_defined_____media、
2、__aseptic（无菌得）____techniqueisusedtomaintainapureculture（纯培养物）andavoidcontamination、（污染）
3、Sterilizationinstrument（灭菌器械）thatutilizessteamunderpressure:
_autoclave_（高压灭菌锅）_____、
4、A___streak___plateutilizesaloop（接种环）orneedle（接种针）todistributeandisolatecoloniesonacultureplate、（培养皿）
5、__serological（血清学得）____identificationutilizesantibodies（抗体）fornamingofbacterialspecies、
6、Bacteriacanbepreserved（保藏）forlongperiodsoftimebyfreeze-drying（冷冻干燥）or__lyophilization____（冻干保藏法）、
7、Themrbidimetricmethodofcountingbacteriautilizesa_spectrophotometer（分光光度计）_____tomeasuretheamountoflightpassingthroughasolution、
8、Theviableplate（平板细菌计数）countcountslivebacterialcolonies（菌落）intherangeor____30__to__300____、
9、Acountingchamber（计数板）andamicroscope（显微镜）areusedinthe_direct_____countofbacteria、
10、The_geneprobe_（基因探针）____techniqueutilizesalabeled（示踪得）plementarystrandofnucleicacidtoidentifyspecificbacteriainaspecimen、（样本）
■Matching
MatchingI:
l、Primarystainforgramstaina、Negativestain负染色
2、Stainsbacterialcellb、Carbohlfuchsin品红
3、Usedtofixstainc、Crystalviolet结晶紫
4、Decolorize脱色d、Malachitegreen孔雀绿
5、Sporestaine、Safranin番红
6、Acid-faststainf、Positivestai
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