考研班写作讲座211附件docWord文档格式.docx
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causesandeffectscanoccurinchains.Eg.
Apoorgradeinschoollowself-esteem
--dropoutofschool
--feelevenworseaboutyourself,
--etc.
Askquestionsbeforewriting:
Causes:
Whydidithappen?
Whatarethereasons?
Effects:
Whathappenedasaresult?
Whataretheconsequences?
Howdidonethingaffectorchangeanother?
Makealistofthepossiblecausesandeffectsofdivorce,thendecidewhichideasyouwanttouseassupportingdetailsinyouressay.
Divorce
CausesEffects
Infidelitychildren
Incompatibilityfinancialsituation
Drugabusejobperformance
Writingathesisstatementfortheessay:
Subject+causes/effects/bothexamined
Thereasonspeoplegetdivorcedareasvariedasthepeoplethemselves.
Themostseriouseffectofdivorceisonthechildren.
Therearemanycausesofdivorce,andtheconsequencesarefeltforalifetime.
Arrangingsupportingdetails:
Variousways:
1)bothcausesandeffects:
presentallthecausesbeforetheeffects,ortheeffectsbeforethecauses.
2)Causesoreffects:
eachbodyparagraphjustdealswithonecauseoreffect.
Thesis:
Thereasonspeoplegetdivorcedareasvariedasthepeoplethemselves.
TP1:
Amongtheproblemsinmarriages,infidelityistheleadingcauseofdivorce.
TP2:
Also,incompatibilityisareasonthatsomanycouplesdecidetogetdivorced.
TP3Finally,fewcouplescanstaytogetherwhenoneofthepartnersisusingillegaldrugs.
Note:
Thesignalswordstoindicatethecause(reasonsandcause);
signalwordsforalist,also,finally,tomakethetransitionsbetweentheparagraphs.
Patternsoforganization:
1)Single-cause—Many-effect:
Introduction:
bringupthecause
Body:
effect1
Effect2
Effect3
Conclusion:
summarizetheeffects,restatethethesis
effect
Causeeffect
effect
2)Many-cause—single-effect:
bringuptheeffect
cause1
Cause2
Cause3
summarizethecauses,restatethethesis
3)Bothcausesandeffects:
bringupboth
Cause1
Cause2
Effects
summaryandrestatement
Causeandeffect1
Causeandeffect2
Causeandeffect3
Applicationofthepatterntosolutionessays:
Describesomeoftheproblemsthatoverpopulationcauses,andsuggestatleastonepossiblesolution.
Topic:
overpopulation
Question:
Whatproblemsdoesitcause?
Suggestsomesolutions.
Describethesituation
Statethethesis:
factorsleadingtothesituation(problems)
Para.1:
problems:
causes/effects
Para.2:
Para.3:
solutionsorproblems:
Conclusion:
solutions
Discussthecausesandsomeeffectsofwidespreaddrugusebyyoungpeopleinmoderndaysociety.Makeanyrecommendationsyoufeelarenecessarytohelpfightyouthdrugabuse.
widespreaddrugusebyyoungpeopleinmodernsociety
Whatarethecausesandeffectsofit?
Giverecommendationstohelpfightit.
amajorproblem,butreasonsareunclear.Theymightbe:
causes:
outsideinfluences(parents,mediaandschool)
pressureatschoolandathome—drugsareanescape.
Effects:
ontheindividualandonthesociety.
recommendations:
education,reducingcompetitionandpressure.
Extinctionofwildanimals:
Para.1:
Introduction:
situation:
choosingoneparticularanimal
Explanations(reasonswhyitisbecomingextinct)
Response(solutions)
Para.4:
Evaluation(ifthesolutionsareeffective:
advantagesordisadvantages)
Sample1:
Whydopeoplefeelisolatedfromeachotherandsuggestsomesolutions.
Modernpeoplehaveafeelingthattheyarebecomingmoreandmoreisolatedfromeachotherthoughitisbelievedthatthedevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhasmadetheworldsmaller.Therearethreereasonsforthis:
Firstly,modernpeoplehavegreatertensionssothattheyhavelesstimetocommunicatewitheachother.Moreandmorepeoplearelivinginurbanareas,wherelifeisinaquickrhythm.Duetofiercecompetition,citydwellershavetobehardworkinginordertokeepupwiththestepsofcitylife.Everybodyisbusyallthetime.Workpressuresdeprivethemofacausalwayoflife.Moreover,livinginapartmentsindifferentblocks,peopleareisolatedfromeachother.Itisnotconvenientforthemtomeeteachotherfreely.
Secondly,thewideuseoftelephoneandoverwhelmingemergenceoftheInternetpreventmodernpeopleformseeingeachotherquiteoften.Inthepast,whensomefestivalscome,thewaypeopletosendcongratulationsistomeeteachother,tosittogetherandtotalkortheycanwritelettersandsendpostcards.Nowadayspeoplecansimplysendanemailormakeaphonecalltosendgoodwishesinafewminutes.However,sittingbeforethecomputerscreenisnotthesamethingasmeeting,talkingandwriting.Peopleareloosingthepleasureofwritingandtalkingandhospitalitytowardseachother.Insomesense,peoplearebecomingmechanic.
Thirdly,modernpeople’ssparetimeareoccupiedbyvariouskindsofentertainmentsandactivities.Inthepast,meetingandtalkingtoothersisafundamentalwaytogetinformation.However,todayTVprogramsareveryattractive.Peoplecanjuststayathomeandknowclearlywhatishappeningintheworld.Therefore,peoplehavefewchancestomeeteachotherandthusafeelingofisolationarises.
Therearesomesolutionstothepresentsituation.Firstofall,peopleneedtobefullyawareofthefactthatthemodernwaysofcommunicationcannottaketheplaceofthetraditionalones.Sendingemailscannothavethesameeffectaswritingorface-to-facetalk.Traditionalwaysshouldbeencouragedandpeoplecanwritelettersasmuchaspossible.Secondly,activitiesheldinoneneighborhoodcancreateawarmatmosphereamongpeople.Thirdly,thepeopleneedtoknowhowtoenjoylife,whichisanewandpopularideainmodernsociety.
Sample2:
(outline)
Theincreaseofjuveniledelinquencyandrecommendationstocombatyouthcrime.
introduction:
Theincreasinglyhighraiseofjuveniledelinquencyareagreatprobleminmodernsociety.Moreandmorepeoplearepayingspecialattentiontoit.Therearemainlythreecausesofthisproblem---thenegativeinfluenceofmassmedia,youngpeople’stendency’stoberebelliousandhighdivorcerates.
Thefirstreasonofthehighratesofjuveniledelinquencyisthenegativeinfluenceofcommercializedmassmedia.
Majordetails:
publishersofbooksorprogramproducersareconcernedwithprofitsratherthanthequality.
Example:
obscenebooks,violencemovies,fights,murders,crimes,etc.
Thesecondreasonisthatmodernyoutharemorerevolutionaryandmoreindependentthantheeldergeneration.
Explanations:
throwawayallthetraditionalprinciplesandbeliefs
Thethirdsignificantfactoristheincreasingnumberofsingle-parentfamilies.
Evidence:
studiesshow…
Lackofparentallovemakesthemhostileandcynicaltowardsthesociety.
Para.5:
Thereareseveralwaystopreventtheyouthfromcommittingcrimes.Firstly,schooleducation;
secondly,acontrolandsupervisiononthemassmedia;
thirdly,mutualunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildren.
Topicsforpractice:
Desertification
Deforestation
Urbanization
Environmentalpollution
Isolationoffamilymembers
Work/studypressure
Argument
Inthistype,youropinionsregardingatopicareessential,asisyourunderstandingandpresentationofconflictingopinions.Youshouldconsidertheargumentashavingtwosides(usuallyyes/no,orpositive/negative),oneofwhichyousupport.
Thewritingpatterninvolvediscomparison-contrastormatching.
Definition:
Compare:
considersimilaritiesordifferences
Contrast:
consideronlydifferences
Comparison-contrast:
considerbothsimilaritiesanddifferences.
1)Twodifferentpatternsofcomparisons:
a.Thesubject-by-subjectpattern:
b.Thepoint-by-pointpattern
Generally,whenwearemoreinterestedinthewholeorwhenthepointstobetreatedarefew,weusethesubject-by-subjectmethod;
whenwearemoreinterestedinthepartsorwhentreatingtoomoneypointsatonceaffectsclarity,weusethepoint-by-pointmethod.
Despitetheseobviousadvantages,weshouldnotoverlooknegativeeffects.Oneproblemis…
Whileoverseasstudyhasitsdrawbacks,theadvantagesareobvious.Providedthatitisfinanciallyfeasible,anoverseaseducationmaydoapersonmoregoodthanharm.
Basedonthetopicsgiven:
a.Discusstypes.Statementorsituationgiven.Discuss.
Pattern: