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,inbankingjargon.AtleastoneContinentalofficersawdangersignsandwroteawarningmemotohersuperiors,butthememowentunheeded.AlthoughtheComptrolleroftheCurrencyinspectedContinentalonaregularbasis,itfailedtoseelowseriousitsproblemsweregoingtobe.
PennSquareBankwasclosedbyregulatorsinJuly1982.Whenenergypricesbegantoslip,mostofthebillioninloansthatContinentalhadtakenoverfromthesmallerbanksturnedouttobehad.OtherloanstotroubledcompaniessuchChrysler,lnternationalHarvester,andBranifflookedquestionable.Seeingtheseproblem,"
ownersbegantopulltheirfundsoutofContinental.
Bythespringof1984,arunonContinentalhadbegun.InMay,thebankhadtoborrow.5billionfromtheFedtoreplaceovernightfundsitbadlost.Butthiswasnotenough.TotrytostemtheoutflowofdepositsfromContinemtal,theFDICagreedtoguaranteenotjustthefirst,000ofeachdepositorsmoneybutallofit.Nevertheless,theruncontinued.
FederalregulatorstriedhardtofindasoundbankthatcouldtakeoverContinental-acommonwayofrescuingfailingbanks.ButContinentalwasjusttoobigforanyonetobuy.ByJuly,allhopeofaprivatesectorrescuewasdashed.Regulatorsfacedastarkchoice:
LetContinentalcollapse,ortakeitoverthemselves.
Lettingthebankfailseemedtoorisky.Itwasestimatedthatmorethan100otherbankshadplacedenoughfundsinContinentaltoputthematriskifContinentalfailed.Thus,onarainyThursdayattheendofJuly,theFDICineffectnationalizedContinentalIllinoisatacostof.5billion.Thiskeptthebanksdoorsopenandpreventedachainreaction.However,inallbutatechnicalsense,ContinentalhadbecomethebiggestbankfailureinU.S.history.
31.Inthespringof1984,Continentalexperienced------.
Aafastgrowthperiod.Bastabilityperiod
Carun.Danoilpricedecrease.
32.ByJuly,allhopeofaprivatesectorrescuewas------.
Adestroyed.Babsurd
Cdesperate.Ddamaged.
33.ThenationalizatinofContinental------.
Asavedit
Bmade"
ownerscontinuetopulltheirfundsoutofContinental.
Calmostbroughtdownthebankingsystem
Dfiredmanyhighrankingofficers.
34.Bankingpanicsmaybepreventedbymeansof------.
Adepositinsurance.Bgrowthstrategy
Clongtermborrowing.Dwarningmemo.
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredasanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.
Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementsisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirmshierarchy.
WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskilloftheiremployeesthandotheJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.
Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStated.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcanteffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.
35.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?
A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.
B.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployeesownbusiness.
C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment..
D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.
36.WhatisthepositionoftheheadofhumanresourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?
A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm..
B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.
C.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.
D.Hehasnoauthorityinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm..
37.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsspendintrainingmainlygoesto----.
Aworkerswhocanoperatenewequipment
Btechnologicalandmanagerialstaff
Cworkerswholackbasicbackgroundskills
Dtopexecutives.
38.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhumanresourcemanagement.
B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehumanresourcemanagement.
C.Theheadofhumanresourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirmshierarchy.
D.ThehumanresourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.
Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworldsbusinesses,institutions,andindividuals.Theinternet,whichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworks,linkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwords,images,andsounds.
TheInternetwasinformationonvirtuallyeverytopic.Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"
bulletinboards,"
whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternetstrafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnews,joiningelectronicdebates,andplayingelectronicgames.OnefeatureoftheInternet,knownastheWorldWideWeb,providesgraphics,audio,andvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics.
PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiberopticcables.Thesecablescontainhairthinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelines,mostofwhichconsistofcopperwires.
ThehistoryoftheInternetbeganinthe1960’s.Atthattime,theAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)oftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefensedevelopedanetworkofcomputerscalledARPAnet.Originally,ARPAnetconnectedonlymilitaryandgovernmentcomputersystems.Itspurposewastomakethesesystemssecureintheeventofadisasterorwas.SoonafterthecreationofARPAnet,universitiesandotherinstitutionsdevelopedtheirowncomputernetworks.ThesenetworkseventuallyweremergedwithARPAnettoformtheInternet.Bythe1990’s,anyonewithacomputer,modem,andInternetsoftwarecouldlinkuptotheInternet.
Inthefuture,theInternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetwork,stillunderdevelopment,wouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompanies,cabletelevisionstations,andothercommunicationsystems.Peoplecouldbank,shop,watchTV,andperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork.
39.Thispassageisaboutthe------oftheInternet.
Afuture.Bgeneralintroduction
Cuse.Dhistory.
40.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheInternetistrue?
A.ARPAwasthefirstnetusedbyAmericanuniversitiesandinstitutions.
B.ThehistoryoftheInternetcanbetracedbacktofiftyyearsago.
C.ThepurposeoftheInternetistoprotecttheworldintheeventofw