120综合写作文本 PedWord格式文档下载.docx

120综合写作文本 PedWord格式文档下载.docx

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Second,atChacoCanyon,archeologistshavediscoveredirrigationsystemsincludingdiversiondamsandcanalsdirectingwatertothefields.ThepresenceofthesesystemsindicatesthattheAnasazisufferedshortagesofwater,andasacountermeasureforthecrisis,theybuiltirrigationsystemstostorewaterfordrinkingandgrowingcrops.However,thedroughtcausedbytheglobalwarmingeventuallymayhavebeensooverwhelmingthatitcompelledtheAnasazitoleave.

Finally,beforethebigsummerdrought,ChacoCanyon’snaturalspringsandfertilesoilcontributedtothetribe’spopulationgrowth.Perhaps,thetribe’spopulationhadovergrown,andthenthepeoplewereapproachingthelimitoflocalresourcesduringthesixty-yearsummerdrought.Thesubsequentfoodshortagesforcedthisancientpeopletomigratetoamorehabitablearea.ThefactthattheAnasaziabruptlyfledfromtheirdwellingandleftbehindnumerousartifactssuggeststhattheyweredisplacedbyamajornaturaldisaster.276

Listening

IthinktheevidencesupportingtheclaimthattheAnasazidisappearedbecauseofaseveredroughtisshaky.

Firstofall,theremayhavebeenaglobalwarminginthepast,andthesubsequentdroughtsthroughouttheworldaffecteddifferentplaces,buttheglobalwarmingdidnotaffectareaswheretheAnasazilived.TheevidencesuggeststhatsometreeshaveexistedatChacoCanyonforthousandsofyears.IftherehadbeenadroughtatChacoCanyon,thesetreeswouldprobablyhavedied.

Second,thefactthatirrigationsystemssuchasdams,canalswerefoundinplaceswheretheAnasaziliveddoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthisprehistorictribesufferedseveredroughtsandabandonedtheirhomelandasaresult.Onthecontrary,theirrigationsystemsthatexistedfor150yearswouldindicatethattheAnasaziwerefullyawareoftheirproblemsofwatershortagesandtheysomehowdevelopedthetechnologytostorewateranddivertittogrowcorn,squash,andbeansinadesert-likeland.ScientistshavefoundevidencethattheAnasaziprovidentlystoredtheircropsagainstdroughtyears,suggestingthatthisprehistoricpeopledidnotvanishbecauseofadrought.

Finally,droughtisonlyahypothesisfortheAnasazi’sdisappearance.RecentfindingsbyclimatologistssuggestthatthegreatdroughtatChacoCanyonwasnotsevereenoughtodriveanationofpeopletoabandontheirhomes.ThefactthattheAnasaziabruptlylefttheirhomesmightsuggesttheywereattackedbyanotherwarringtriberatherthanthreatenedbyadrought.Weshouldalsoconsiderothercausessuchasdiseaseoroveruseoffarmland.Insum,theevidencesofarisnotenoughtosupporttheclaimthattheAnasazivanishedsimplybecauseofaseveredrought.288

阅读文章认为Anasazi人大举逃离住所的原因如下：

第一，有证据显示当时发生全球暖化，引发的干旱促使Anasazi人逃离。

第二，考古发现的灌溉系统，可推论出当年Anasazi人遭受严重旱灾。

第三，有证据显示Anasazi人口过多，干旱期间无法养活众多人口。

教授怀疑前述论点，理由如下：

第一，当地有树木存活了数千年，若当年干旱严重，树木必定死亡，证明当年干旱没有影响。

第二，灌溉系统反而证明Anasazi人有对抗干旱的能力，所以不会因为干旱而出走。

第三，新的证据发现当年干旱不太严重，此外，Anasazi人仓促逃离，更合理的推论是遭到他族攻击或疾病侵袭。

TheprofessorcastsdoubtontheviewthattheAnasazi,aprehistorictribefromChacoCanyon,vanishedmainlybecauseofaseveredrought.

Firstofall,althoughtherewasariseintemperaturesandensuingdroughtsthroughouttheworld,theglobalwarmingdidnotaffectthehomelandoftheAnasazi.TreeshaveexistedatChacocanyonformanyyears.IftherehadbeendroughtsattheChacoCanyon,thesetreeswouldprobablyhavedied.Besides,thesetreesshownotraceofalife-threateningdrought.

Second,theexistenceofirrigationsystemsdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthisplacewasplaguedbyseveredroughts.Onthecontrary,theirrigationsystemsmaysuggestthisprehistoricpeopledevelopedtheskilltosurviveinadesert-likeland.

Finally,droughtisonlyaconjecturefortheAnasazi’sdisappearance.Thereisnodirectevidencethatthegreatdroughtwassevereenoughtodriveanationofpeoplefromtheirhomes.Alternativeexplanationsincludewar,disease,andoveruseoffarmland.Inaword,itisquestionablethattheAnasazivanishedsimplybecauseofaseveredrought.178

Question2

Reading

MarcoPolo（1254-13242）,aVenetiantraderandexplorer,gainedfameforhisworldwidetravelsrecordedinthebookTheTravelsofMarcoPolo.However,recentlysomescholarshaveraiseddoubtsthatMarcoPoloeventraveledtoChina.

Firstofall,foronewhowassupposedtohavelivedinChinafor17years,MarcoPoloneverpickedupanyChineseorMongolianplace-names.Infact,thenamesofthedirectionsandlocationsusedbyMarcoPoloinhisbookaboutChinacorrespondtothoseusedbythePersianhistorianRashidal-Din（1247-1317）,whowasPolo’scontemporaryandoneofthemostimportantchroniclersoftheMongolperiod.SuchaglaringomissionputalargedentinMarcoPolo’scredibilityasatravelertoChina?

Second,forsomeonewhoissupposedtohavetraveledallthewaytotheinteriorofChina,thereisthecuriousomissionofanyreferencetothepopularpastimesandculturalpracticesoftheChinese?

Forinstance,MarcoPolodidnotmentiontheChineseloveofteaandtheubiquitousteahouses,whichnotravelertoChinawouldbelikelytomiss.Thisisanothermajorcauseforsuspicion?

Finally,whenwelookintotheoriginalrecordsoftheChineseandMongols,thereisnoevidencethatMarcoPoloservedatthecourtoftheMongolruler,orwasappointedtothepostofgovernorofYangZhou.Thisisanhonor,whichMarcoPoloclaimsthegreatMongolrulerbestowedonhimforthreeyears?

SoitisunlikelythatMarcoPoloactuallytraveledtoChinaandreachedthecourtofthegreatMongolrulerKublaikhan?

271

Listening

DidMarcoPoloevertraveltoChinaduringtheMongolperiodandstaytherefor17years?

SomescholarsclaimtohavefoundinconsistenciesprovingMarcoPolodidnottraveltoChina,butIdonotfindtheirargumentsconvincing.

Firstofall,itistruethatMarcoPoloneverusedanyChineseorMongolianplace-namesinhisbook,andtheplace-namesinhistravelbookarelargelyofaPersianorigin.YetitisworthrememberingthatPersianwasthemajorlanguageusedintradebetweenthetwocontinentsofAsiaandEuropeinthe13thand14thcenturies.ThereforeitwouldbeperfectlynormalforMarcoPolotoborrowChineseplace-namesfromthePersiansource.

Second,thefactthatMarcoPolofailedtoincludereferencestoteaandteahousesinChinadoesnotnecessarilydisprovethatthisVenetianeverwenttoChina.Thefactis,thecultureofteadrinkingatteahouseswaspopularmainlyinthesouthernpartofChina.Inthosedays,peopleinnorthernChinahadnotyetdevelopedaninterestinteadrinking.WhileinChina,MarcoPolostayedforthemostpartinnorthernChina.Thus,ifhefailedtomentiontea,itwouldbeunderstandable.

Finally,justbecausethenameMarcoPolowasnotfoundinpre-modernChinesedocumentsdoesnotmeanthathedidnotserveatthecourtoftheMongolruler,orthathewasnotappointedtothepostofgovernorofYangZhou.ItispossiblethatMarcoPolowasreferredtobyadifferentnamethatisunrecognizabletomodernhistorians.TheofficialrecordsoftheancientChinesecourtsometimesdidnotusepeople’srealnames.Or,perhaps,therecordsreferringtoMarcoPolomaysimplyhavebeenlost.295

阅读文章认为马可波罗根本没有到过中国，怀疑的理由如下：

第一，马可波罗在中国住了17年，他的书中没有用任何中文或蒙文的地名，用的中国地名反而是波斯历史学家所用的波斯文。

第二，马可波罗的书中没有提到中国人喝茶，以及普遍存在的茶楼。

第三，中文与蒙文的史籍没有记载马可波罗这个人。

教授不赞成前述观点，理由如下：

第一，当年波斯文是亚欧贸易主要语言，马可波罗书中用到波斯文翻译的中国地名是正常的，不足以证明他没有到过中国。

第二，当年喝茶的文化主要流行于中国南方，马可波罗主要逗留于中国北方，所以没有提到喝茶，是可以理解的。

第三，中文与蒙文的史籍没有记载马可波罗不足以证明他没有到过中国，因为中蒙文史籍可能以现代人不法辨识的名字来记载马可波罗，或者记载马可波罗的史籍遗失。

TheprofessorchallengestheviewthatMarcoPolonevertraveledtoChinabyofferingdifferentexplanationsofMarcoPolo’somissionsofcertainthingsinhistravelbook.

Firstofall,althoughtheplace-namesinMarcoPolo’stravelbookareborrowedfromPersian,itdoesnotmeanthathedidnotgotoChina.ThereasonisthatinthosetimesPersianwasthemajortradelanguagebetweenEuropeansandAsians.ThereforeitwouldbenormalforMarcoPolotoborrowChineseplace-namesfromthePersiansource.

Second,itiscorrectthatMarcoPolodidnotmentionteaandteahousesinChina,butitdoesnotnecessarilyprovethatPolodidnotgotoChina.TeawaspopularmainlyinsouthernChinaandpeopleinnorthernChinahadnotyetdevelopedaninterestinteadrinking.SinceMarcoPolostayedforthemostpartinnorthernChina,itwouldbeunderstandablethathefailedtomentiontea.

Finally,thefactthatMarcoPolowasnotfoundinpre-modernChinesedocumentsdoesnotmeanthatheneverwenttoChina.ItispossiblethatMarcoPolowasmentionedbyadifferentnamethatisnotrecognizabletomodernhistorians,or,thattherecordsthatmentionedMarcoPoloweresimplylost.209

Question3

Howdidthemoonform?

ScientistshypothesizedthatapieceofspacedebristhesizeofMarss