跨文化交际复习资料文档格式.docx

跨文化交际复习资料文档格式.docx

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5.Communicationisadynamicprocessinwhichpeopleattempttosharetheirinternalstateswithotherpeoplethroughtheuseofsymbols.P16

6.Cultureisasetofhuman-madeobjectiveandsubjectiveelementsthatinthepasthaveincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvivalandresultedinsatisfactionfortheparticipantsinanecologicalniche,andthusbecamesharedamongthosewhocouldcommunicatewitheachotherbecausetheyhadacommonlanguageandtheylivedinthesametimeandplace.P23

7.Valuesareculturallydefinedstandardsofdesirability,goodness,andbeautythatserveasbroadguidelinesforsocialliving.P25

Valuesaresharedideasaboutwhatistrue,right,andbeautifulwhichunderlineculturalpatternsandguidesocietyinresponsetothephysicalandsocialenvironment.P189

8.Stereotypesareacollectionoffalseassumptionsthatpeopleinallculturesmakeaboutthecharacteristicsofmembersofvariousgroups.P42

Astereotypeisacognitivestructurecontainingtheperceiver’sknowledge,beliefs,andexperiencesaboutsomehumansocialgroups.P170

9.Objectivityisthestateofbeingobjective,just,unbiasedandnotinfluencedbyemotionsorpersonalprejudices.P43

10.Socialorganizationsorsocialinstitutionsarethegroupsthatmembersofacultureturntoforlessonsaboutthemeaningoflifeandmethodsforlivingthatlife.P49

11.Familyisagroupofintimates,whogenerateasenseofhomeandgroupidentity,completewithstrongtiesofloyaltyandemotion,andanexperienceofahistoryandafuture.P54

12.Individualismisakindofthoughtthatinvolvesself-motivation,autonomy,andindependentthinking,whichtakesinthefollowingforms.People’spersonalgoalstakepriorityovertheirallegiancetogroupslikethefamilyortheemployer.Theloyaltyofindividualiststoagivengroupisveryweak;

theyfeeltheybelongtomanygroupsandareapttochangetheirmembershipasitsuitstothem,switchingchurches,forexample,orleavingoneemployerforanother.Suchthoughtstressespersonalrightsandresponsibilities,privacy,voicingone’sownopinion,freedom,innovation,andself-expression.P198.P199.P67

13.Collectivismisakindofthoughtthatpeopleprimarilyviewthemselvesasmembersofgroupsandcollectivesratherthanasautonomousindividuals.Insuchculturespeopleemphasizecommunity,collaboration,sharedinterest,harmony,tradition,thepublicgood,andmaintainingface.Collectivismmeansgreateremphasisontheviews.needs,andgoalsofthein-groupratherthanoneself;

socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;

beliefssharedwiththein-groupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishtheselffromin-group;

andgreatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.P200.P198.P67

14.Historyisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime;

itilluminesreality,vitalizesmemory,providesguidanceindailylife,andbringsustidingsofantiquity.P75

15.（不考）Worldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardGod,humanity,nature,questionsofexistence,theuniverseandcosmos,life,moralandethicalreasoning,suffering,death,andotherphilosophicalissuesthatinfluencehowitsmembersperceivetheworld.P97

Theworldviewofapeopleisthewaytheyinterpretrealityandevents,includingimagesofthemselvesandhowtheyrelatetotheworldaroundthem.P97

Worldviewfunctionsasaguidetohelppeopledeterminewhattheworldlookslikeandhowtheyshouldfunctionwithinthatworld.P98

16.（不考）Theideaofsecularismisconnectedwithquestionsaboutthemeaningoflifeandexplanationsaboutdeath.P101

17.（不考）Religiondealswiththenatureoflifeanddeath,thecreationoftheuniverse,theoriginofsocietyandgroupswithinthesociety,therelationshipofindividualsandgroupstooneanother,andtherelationofhumankindtonature.P104

18.Identityisthereflectiveself-conceptionorself-imagethatweeachderivefromourfamily,gender,cultural,ethnic,andindividualsocializationprocess.

Culturalidentity:

theidentificationofcommunicationsofasharedsystemofsymbolicverbalandnonverbalbehaviorthataremeaningfultogroupmemberswhohaveasenseofbelongingandwhosharetraditions,heritage,language,andsimilarnormsofappropriatebehavior.Culturalidentityisasocialconstruction.P154

19.Prejudicesaredeeplyheldnegativefeelingsassociatedwithaparticulargroup.

Prejudiceamountstoarigidandirrationalgeneralizationaboutacategoryofpeople.Prejudiceisirrationaltotheextentthatpeopleholdinflexibleattitudessupportedbylittleornodirectevidence.Prejudicemaytargetpeopleofaparticularsocialclass,sex,sexualorientation,age,politicalaffiliation,race,orethnicity.P173

20.Racismisthebeliefintheinherentsuperiorityofaparticularrace.Itdeniesthebasicequalityofhumankindandcorelatesabilitywithphysicalcomposition.Thusitassumesthatsuccessorfailureinanysocietalendeavorwilldependupongeneticendowmentratherthanenvironmentandaccesstoopportunity.P177

21.Ethnocentrismisthenotionthatone’sowncultureissuperiortoanyother.Itistheideathatotherculturesshouldbemeasuredbythedegreetowhichtheyliveuptoourculturalstandards.Weareethnocentricwhenweviewotherculturesthroughthenarrowlensofourowncultureorsocialposition.P179-P180

22.

（1）Perceptionisthemeansbywhichyoumakesenseofyourphysicalandsocialworld.

（2）Perceptionistheprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseoftheworld.

（3）Perceptionistheprocesswherebypeopleconvertexternaleventsandexperiencesintomeaningfulinternalunderstanding.P185

23.Beliefsserveasthestoragesystemforthecontentofourpastexperiences,includingthoughts,memories,andinterpretationsofevents.P187

24.Culturalpatternsareausefulumbrellatermthatallowsustotalkaboutvalues,beliefs,andotherorientationscollectively.P190

25.Uncertaintyavoidancedefinestheextenttowhichpeoplewithinaculturearemadenervousbysituationswhichtheyperceiveasunstructured,unclear,orunpredictable,situationswhichtheythereforetrytoavoidbymaintainingstrictcodesofbehaviorandabeliefinabsolutetruths.P201

26.Powerdistanceisacharacteristicofaculturedefiningtheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulpersoninsocietyacceptsinequalityinpowerandconsidersitasnormal.P203

27.Masculinityandfeminityrefertothedegreetowhichmasculineorfemininetraitsarevaluedandrevealed.P205

28.Abeingorientationreferstospontaneousexpressionofthehumanpersonality.P213

29.Thebeing-in-dongorientationstressestheideaofdevelopmentandgrowth.Itemphasizesthekindofactivitythatcontributestothedevelopmentofallaspectsoftheselfasanintegralwhole.P214

30.Thedoingorientationdescribesactivityinwhichaccomplishmentsaremeasurablebystandardsexternaltotheindividual.P214

31.Contextistheinformationthatsurroundsanevent;

itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.P215

32.（不考）Languageismerelyasetofsharedsymbolsorsignsthatacooperativegrouppfpeoplefasmutuallyagreedtousetocreatemeaning.P225

33.Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.P246

34.Allhumaninteractionisinfluencedtosomedegreebythecultural,social,andphysicalsettingsinwhichitoccurs.Thesesettingsarecalledthecommunicationcontext.P285.

35.Interculturalcommunicationcompetenceistheoverallinternalcapabilityofanindividualtomanagethekeychallengingfeaturesofinterculturalcommunication:

namely,culturaldifferencesandunfamiliarity,inter-groupposture,andtheaccompanyingexperienceofstress.P384

36.

（1）Cultureshockisamentalstatethatcomesfromthetransitionthatoccurswhenyougofromafamiliarenvironmenttoanunfamiliaroneandfindthatyourold,establishedpatternsofbehaviorareineffective.

（2）Cultureshockisprecipitatedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallyourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thesesignsorcuesincludethethousandandonewaysinwhichweorientourselvestothesituationofdailylife:

howtogiveorders,howtomakepurchases,whenandwherenottorespond.Nowthesecues,whichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornorms,areacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmuchasapartofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues,mostofwhichwearenotconsciouslyawareof.P397

37.Ethicsreferstojudgmentsthatfocusomdegreesofrightnessandwrongness,virtueandvice,andobligationinhumanbehavior.P404

2.汉译英

1.Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.---Confucius.性相近，习相远。

--孔子

2.Lackofcommunicationhasgivenri