乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献Word格式文档下载.docx

乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献Word格式文档下载.docx

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SUSTAINABLETOURISMDEVELOPMENT

TheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentwasintroducedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheBrundtlandReportin1987,definingsustainabledevelopmentas"

developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds"

.

Tourismisoneoftheforemosteconomicactivitiesaroundtheworld,havingtransportedmorethan617millionpeopleinternationallyandgenerated448billionUSDinreceiptsin1997（WTO,1998）.Itisamajoreconomicforce,havinggeneratedin1996anestimated3,153.3billionUSDingrossoutput,creatingemploymentforapp.255millionpeople,producingapp.10.7percentofworldgrossdomesticproduct,investingapp.766billionUSDinnewfacilitiesandequipmentannually,andcontributingmorethanapp.653.3billionUSDtoglobaltaxrevenue（WTTC,1996）.

Thevolumeandsignificanceoftourismclearlyshowsthatitisnotenoughtodevelopnewformsof"

alternative"

tourisminordertominimisethenegativeandmaximisethepositiveimpactsoftourismdevelopment.Thewholesectormustbedevelopedandmanagedinawaythatitdoesnotdamagethenaturalandsocio-culturalenvironmentandthisistheresponsibilityoftheworld-widetourismindustry.

ThoughtheBrundtlandreportmadenospecialreferencetotourism,sinceitspublication,theroleoftourismintheprocessofcontinuouslymisusingtheEarth'

sresourceshasbeenanalysedandtheconceptofsustainabletourismappeared.

Sustainabletourismhasseveral-oftenseriouslydebated-definitions.AccordingtothedefinitionoftheFederationofNatureandNationalParks,sustainabletourismis"

allformsoftourismdevelopment,managementandactivitythatmaintaintheenvironmental,socialandeconomicintegrityandwell-beingofnatural,builtandculturalresourcesinperpetuity"

（FNNP,1993）.ApublicationbytheTourismConcernandtheWorldWideFundforNaturedefinessustainabletourismastourismwhich"

operateswithinnaturalcapacitiesfortheregenerationandfutureproductivityofnaturalresources;

recognisesthecontributionthatpeopleandcommunities,customsandlifestyles,maketothetourismexperience;

acceptsthatthesepeoplemusthaveanequitableshareintheeconomicbenefitsoftourism;

andisguidedbythewishesoflocalpeopleandcommunitiesinthehostareas"

（TourismConcern&

WWF,1992）.

Thoughtheexistingdefinitionsusuallydifferintheirfocusorlevelofelaborateness,themainmessageoftheBrundtlandReportseemstobemoreandmoreacceptedbythetourismindustryallovertheworld.However,thenotionofsustainabilityisaverycomplexoneandithasmanyramifications（Mowforth&

Munt,1998）.

Ecologicalsustainability,whichmeansthattourismdevelopmentdoesnotcauseirreversiblechangesinagivendestination'

secosystem,isthemostcommonlyaccepteddimension,sincethereisanobviousneedallovertheworldtoprotectnaturalresourcesfromthenegativeimpactsoftourismactivities.Thegeneralgrowthofenvironment-awarenesshassignificantlycontributedtothistrend.Socialsustainabilityreferstotheabilityofacommunitytoabsorbtourism（boththeindustryandthetouriststhemselves）withoutthecreationofsocialdisharmony.Culturalsustainabilityinthecontextoftourismassumesthatagivencommunityisabletoretainoradapttheirowndistinctiveculturaltraitsagainstthepressureofboththeso-called"

touristculture"

andthe"

residualculture"

ofthevisitors（Jafari,1987）.Economicsustainabilityreferstoalevelofeconomicgainfromtourismthatissufficienttoprovideanappropriateincomeforthelocalcommunity（comparedtotheinconveniencecausedbytheactivitiesofthetourismsector）andtocoverallthecostsofanyspecialmeasuretakentosatisfythetourists（thusapreconditionofeconomicsustainabilityistheattractivenessofanareaandtheperceivedhighqualityofitstouristsupply:

withoutbeinginacompetitivepositionintheworldmarket,nodestinationcanbeeconomicallysustainable）.

Thedifferentaspectsofsustainabilitydonotcompete,butmustbeseenasequallyimportant.Highlevelofeconomicprofitabilitymustnotbeconsideredasatooltocoveroverthedamagedonetosocialornaturalresources,buttherelativefragilenatureoftheselattermustnotcreateaplanningenvironmentwhereeconomicconsiderationsarenotbeingtaken（properly）.Sustainabletourismdevelopmenthastobeeconomicallyviableandnaturallyandculturallysensitiveatthesametime.

Aswecouldsee,inappropriatetourismdevelopmentresultsinincreasingstressondestinationsandconsequentlyinnegativechangesinthedestinations'

physical,economicandsocial-culturalcharacteristics.Inordertoavoidorminimiseunfavourableimpacts,decision-makersmustbeawareofallthefactorsthatplayaroleinthedevelopmentprocess.Inthemeasurementoftheprogressthatanindividualdestinationismakingtowardssustainabletourismdevelopment,sustainabilityindicatorsarecommonlyacceptedasonesetofusefultools.

INDICATORSOFSUSTAINABILITY

"

Indicatorsmeasureinformationwithwhichdecision-makersmayreducethechancesofunknowinglytakingpoordecisions"

（WTO,1996）.Inotherwords,indicatorsareasetofusefulmeasuresofthosefactorsthatareimportanttothedecision-makers（therelativesignificanceofthesefactorsdependontheirrelevancetothedevelopmentobjectivesofagivendestination,andontheirimportancetotourists）."

Indicatorsarebothatoolformanagementtodayandaninvestmentinthefuture,sincetheyreducetheriskofinadvertentdamagetotheresourcebaseonwhichthe[tourist]industrydepends"

（WTO,1996）.

Basedondifferentguidelinesandrecommendations（TourismConcern&

WWF,1992;

McCool&

Watson,1994;

Murphy,1994;

Howie,1996;

Swarbrooke,1996;

WTO,1996;

Mowforth&

Munt,1998）,theindicatorssuggestedforthepurposeofthisstudyarethefollowing（Table1）:

Table1-IndicatorsofSustainabilityinRuralTourism

Indicator

Measure

1.Stress

-Numberofvisitors/tourists（perannum/season）

2.Socialstress

-Ratioofvisitor/touristnumberstolocalpopulation（perannum/season）

3.Attractiveness

-Listofnaturalandculturalresources

-Rateofattractivenessofnaturalandculturalresources

4.Planningprocess

-Existenceoflocal/regionalplanfordevelopment

5.Tourismplanningprocess

-Existenceoflocal/regionalplanfortourismdevelopment

6.Areaprotection

-Categoryofprotection

-Percentageofprotectedareacomparedtothewholeterritoryofthedestination

7.Localinvolvement

-Ratioofthenumberoflocallyownedtouristbusinessestothetotalnumberoftouristbusinesses

8.Localcontrol

-Existenceofformalmeasures（publichearing,communitymeeting,localreferendum）toensurelocalcontroloverevelopmentplanningandimplementation

9.Employment

-Numberofjobscreatedintourism（full-timeequivalent）

-Ratiooflocalemployeenumbertothenumberofguestworkers

lO.Tourismcontributiontothelocaleconomy

-Proportionoftotaltaxincomegeneratedbytourismonly

11.Economicdiversity

-Shareofdifferenteconomicactivitiesinthetotaltaxincome

12.Energyconsumption

-Ratioofrenewableenergysourcestonon-renewableenergysources（consumption）

13.Wastemanagement

-Percentageofhouseholdswithpropersewagesystem

-Percentageofwastereceivingtreatment

14.Educationandtraining

-Percentageoflocalpeopleinvolvedintourismwithprofessionaltrainingandeducation

-Distributionoftourismemployeesbyeducation

-Percentageoftourismemployees（andlocalpeople）participatinginon-the-jobtraininginagiventimeperiod

15.Localsatisfaction

-Overallperceptionoftourism'

simpactsinlocalcommunity

16.Touristsatisfaction

-Overallsatisfactionoftouristsconcerningthequalityandthevalue/priceratioofthecomplextouristproduct

-Percentage/changeofrepeatvisitscomparedtofirst-timevisits

THECONCEPTOFRURALTOURISM

Ruraltourismisanoldandanewphenomenonatthesametime.Interestincountrysiderecreationstartedtogrewalreadyinthe19.centuryasareactiontothestressoftheincreasingurbanizationandindustrialisation.Theruralscenewasadmiredbypoetsandartists.