英语专业英语词汇学笔记.docx

英语专业英语词汇学笔记.docx

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英语专业英语词汇学笔记

1.Whatispolysemy

Havingmultiplemeaningsthatarerelated.

2.WhatarethetwodifferentwaysoforganisingpolysemouswordsExplainthem

1）Thediachronicapproachbeginswiththeprimarymeaningandthenarrangetheothermeanings（derivedmeanings）intheorderinwhichtheydeveloped.

2）Thesynchronicapproachbeginswiththemostpopularmeaning（centralmeaning）andthenarrangetheothermeanings（marginalmeanings）inorderofpopularity.

3.WhatarethetwodifferentwaysinwhichpolysemydevelopsExplainthem

1）Radiation.Secondarymeaningsareindependentfromoneanotherandarederiveddirectlyfromtheprimarymeaning.

2）Concatenation.Secondarymeaningsareconnectedandderivefromprimarymeaningthroughsuccessiveshiftsofmeaningfromonesecondarymeaningtoanother.

4.Whatishomonymy

Homonymsareworksdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundorspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.

5.Giveanexampleofaperfecthomonym,ahomophoneandahomograph

1）perfecthomonym同音同形date日期/date红枣

2）homophone同音异形Knew/new,meet/meat

3）homograph异音同形record（v.）/record（n.）

6.Giveanexampleoftherhetoricaluseofhomonymy

HiJack〔你好杰克〕–hijack〔打劫〕

7.WhatisthedifferencebetweenpolysemyandhomonymyGiveanexampletoillustratethedifference

1）Polysemyisaboutconnectionofmeanings.Bookcanmeanabookasin“Ireadabook〞,and“Ibookahotelroom〞.Thesecondmeaningisrelatedtothefirstonebecauseinthepasthotelstaffwillwritethecustomers’informationonabookwhenreservingaroom.

2）homonymyisaboutform.Liecanmeannotbeinghonestorbeinginahorizontalposition.Thesetwomeaningshavethesameformbutnoconnection.

8.Classifythefollowingpairsofantonymsintocomplementaries（binaries）,contraries（gradable）orconverses（relational）.Explainwhy

1）Good/bad,contraries

2）odd/even,complementaries

3）above/below,converses

4）clean/dirty,contraries

5）remember/forget,complementaries

6）old/young,contraries

7）before/after,converses

9.WhatishyponymyGiveanexample

Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofamoregeneralword.

例Floweristhesuperordinateterm,roseisthesubordinateterm.

10.Whatissynonymy

Synonymsarewordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutnearlyorexactlyalikeinessentialmeaning.

11.Whatisthedifferencebetweenabsoluteandnear（relative）synonyms

1）Absolutesynonyms–interchangeableineveryway

2）Nearsynonyms–similarindenotationbuthavedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.

12.Whataresomeofthereasonswhysynonymsexist

1）Borrowingfromotherlanguages

2）DialectsandregionalEnglish

3）Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords

4）Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions

13.WhataresomeofthefactorsthatdiscriminatebetweenrelativesynonymsUseexamples

1）Rangeofmeaning.“timid〞ismoreextensivebecauseitcanbeusedtodescribethestateofmindatatimeandthedisposition,but“timorous〞onlydescribethedisposition.

2）Degreeofintensity.A“wealthy〞personhasmuchmoremoneythana“rich〞person.

3）Differencesinstylisticfeatures.“ask〞isusedcommonlyandtendtobecolloquial.“question〞ismoreformal.

14.（ThedevelopmentofEnglish）WhatwasthelanguagespokenintheBritishIslesbeforeEnglishHowwasEnglishintroduced

Celtic.GermanictribeinvadedandsettledafterRoman.Theybroughttheirownculture.ItwascalledAnglo-saxon（thenameoftwotribes）andalsocalledoldEnglish.

15.WhatarethethreephasesoftheEnglishlanguageandwhatweretheirtimeperiodsWhateventsmarkedthetransitionofonephasetoanother

a）OldEnglish（450-1150）——NormanconquestfromFrancein1066,buttherealdevelopmentofmiddleEnglishstartedinthe12thcenturybecausetherulingclassspokeAngloFrenchandthepeasantsspokeAnglo-Saxonsoittookquitealongtimeforthemtointermix.

b）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）——duringRenaissancetherewasanexplosionofinformationandknowledgeaboutAncientGreeceandRoman.Peoplestatedtoreadsoideasspread.GreekandLatinwordsstartedenteringEnglish.Besides,printingwasinvented,morecanreadandwritebooks.

c）ModernEnglish（1500–present）

16.Overitshistory,Englishhasevolvedfromahighlyinflectedlanguagetoanearlynon-inflectedlanguage.WhatisthedifferenceGiveanexampleofinflectioninEnglish

Inflectionmeanstomodifyawordtoindicategrammaticalrelations.Alotofwordsinahighlyinflectedlanguagehaveendingorformchangesinordertoshowitsgrammaticalfunction.Butaweaklyinflectedlanguagehasfewerchanges.AsEnglishdeveloped,ithaschangedfromahighlyinfectedlanguagetoaweeklyone.

17.WhatarethemostimportantlanguagesthatEnglishhasborrowedfromWhy

1）French–Normanconquest

2）Latin–Renaissance,alotofLatinbookweretranslatedintoEnglish

3）Scandinavia–Vikings（9century）influencedoldEnglish

18.WhatisthedifferencebetweenaContentWordandaFunctionalwordGiveanexampleofeach.

•Contentwordsarethoseareaboutsomething.例nation,earth.

•Functionalwordsarethoseusedtoexpressrelations.例the,and.

19.ExplaintwopropertiesofBasicwordsandgiveexamples

1）Productivity.Basicwordsareveryproductivebecausethetaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords.Theycanbeusedaloneandareoftenusedtoformnowwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.例foot-football-footprint

2）Manybasicwordstakepartinanumberofsetexpressions.例heart-byheart–fromthebottomofone’sheart-loseheart

20.WhatisadenizenwordGiveanexample

Denizensarewordsthatwereborrowedalongtimeago,theylookandsoundlikeanativeword.

例‘pork’fromtheFrench‘porc’

21.WhatisanalienwordGiveanexample

Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhavekepttheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.

例café,fiancée

22.WhatisatranslationloanGiveanexample

TranslationloansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebuttranlatethemeaningorthesoundfromanotherlanguage.

例‘blackhumour’fromtheFrench‘humournoir’

例‘tea’fromtheChinese

23.WhatisasemanticloanGiveanexample

SemanticloansarewhereawordalreadyexistsinnativeEnglishbutborrowsanewmeaningfromanotherlanguage.

例‘dumb’hascometomean‘stupid’becauseoftheGermanword‘dumm’

24.（ThestructureofWords）Whatisamorpheme

Amorphemeistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

25.Whatisthedifferencebetweenamorphemeandamorph

•Morphemeisaboutmeaning.

•Morphisaboutshapeandsound.

Morphemesareabstract,andarerealizedinspeechbymorphs.

26.WhatisthedifferencebetweenaboundmorphemeandafreemorphemeGiveanexampleofeachkindofmorpheme

1）Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.例dis-,mis-.

2）Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.例man,dog.

27.WhatisthedifferencebetweenaderivationalmorphemeandaninflectionalmorphemeGiveanexampleofeachkindofmorpheme

1）Derivationalmorphemescanderivenewwords.例football,slowly

2）Inflectionalmorphemesdon’tcreatenewwordsandjustindicatesyntacticrelationships.例-ed,-ing,-er,-est,-s

28.WhatisthedifferencebetweenacontentmorphemeandagrammaticalmorphemeGiveanexampleofeachkindofmorpheme

1）Contentmorphemeshavecontentandcanbeusedtoderivenewwords.=derivationalmorphemes.

2）Grammaticalmorphemesaregrammaticalmarkers,includingInflectionalmorphemes&freemorphemes.例while,where,they

29.Whatisanaffix

Anaffixisaformthatareattachedtowordstomodifymeaningorfunction.

30.WhatisthedifferencebetweenaderivationalandaninflectionalaffixGiveanexampleofeach

1）Inflectionalaffixdonotcreatenewwords,andindicatesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwords.例–ed,talked

2）Derivationalaffixderivenewwords.例–less,careless.non-,non-smoker.

31.WhatisarootGiveanexample

Arootisawordelementthatcontainsthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.Itisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.

例：

internationalists→nationImpracticality→pratice

32.WhatisastemGiveanexample

Astemisthatpartofthewordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

例：

internationalists→nationalists

Undesirables→desirable

33.WhatisabaseGiveanexample

Abaseisaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

例：

possible,understand

34.（WordFormation）Whatisblending

thecombinationofpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.

35.Giveanexampleofblendingandexplainhowthewordhasbeenformed

Smog=smoke+fog

36.Whatisclipping

apartoftheoriginalwordisremoved.

37.Giveanexampleofclippingandexplainhowthewordhasbeenformed

Exam-examination

38.Whatisacronymy

newwordsareformedbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcompositenamesorphrases

39.Giveanexampleofaninitialismandexplainhowthewordisformed

Initialism——pronouncedletterbyletter.例：

BBC,CCTV

40.Giveanexampleofatrueacronymandexplainhowthewordisformed

Trueacronym——pronouncedasanormalword.例：

NATO,AIDS

41.WhatisthecommonizationofapropernameGiveanexample

Wordscomefrompropernames.例“rugby〞from“RugbySchool〞,whereitwasfirstplayed.

42.WhatarethethreemostproductivewaysofformingnewwordsintheEnglishlanguage

Affixation,compounding,conversion.

43.WhatisaffixationGiveanexample

Theformationofnewwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases.

44.WhatiscompoundingGiveanexample

Theformingofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.例hotdog,blueprint

45.Giveanexampleoftheuseofaconversionprefix（aprefix