英语学习转发：重要：期末考试等高级英语视听说文稿Book1Word下载.doc

英语学习转发：重要：期末考试等高级英语视听说文稿Book1Word下载.doc

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NapoleonwasaFrenchsoldierwhobecameemperorofFrance.Hewasbornin1769ontheislandofCorsica.Whenhewasonly10yearsold,hisfathersenthimtomilitaryschoolinFrance.N.wasn’taverygoodstudentinmostofhisclasses,butheexcelledinmathematicsandmilitaryscience.Whenhewas16yearsold,hejoinedtheFrencharmy.Inthatyearhebeganthemilitarycareerthatbroughthimfame,power,riches,and,finally,defeat.N.becameageneralintheFrencharmyattheyoungageof24.Severalyearslater,hebecametheemperoroftheFrenchEmpire.

N.wasmanythings.Hewas,firstofall,abrilliantmilitaryleader.Hissoldierswerereadytodieforhim.Asaresult,N.wonmany,manymilitaryvictories.AtonetimehecontrolledmostofEurope,butmanycountries,includingEngland,Russia,andAustriafoughtfiercelyagainsthim.Hisdefeat–hisend–camewhenhedecidedtoattackRussia.InthismilitarycampaignagainstRussia,helostmostofhisarmy.

ThegreatFrenchconquerordiedalone--desertedbyhisfamilyandfriends–in1821.N.wasonly51yearsoldwhenhedied.

Chapter2 Pompeii：

Destroyed,Forgotten,andFound

TodaymanypeoplewholiveinlargemetropolitanareassuchasParisandNewYorkleavethecityinthesummer.Theygotothemountainsortotheseashoretoescapethecitynoiseandheat.Over2,000yearsago,manyrichRomansdidthesamething.TheyleftthecityofRomeinthesummer.ManyofthesewealthyRomansspenttheirsummersinthecityofPompeii.P.wasabeautifulcity;

itwaslocatedontheocean,ontheBayofNaples.

Intheyear79C.E.,ayoungboywholaterbecameaveryfamousRomanhistorianwasvisitinghisuncleinP..Theboy’snamewasPlinytheYounger.OnedayPlinywaslookingupatthesky.Hesawafrighteningsight.Itwasaverylargedarkcloud.Thisblackcloudrosehighintothesky.Rockandashflewthroughtheair.WhatPlinysawwastheeruption–theexplosion--ofthevolcano,Vesuvius.ThecityofP.wasatthefootofMt.V..

Whenthevolcanofirsterupted,manypeoplewereabletofleethecityandtoescapedeath.Infact,18,000peopleescapedtheterribledisaster.Unfortunately,therewasnotenoughtimeforeveryonetoescape.Morethan2,000peopledied.Theseunluckypeoplewereburiedaliveunderthevolcanicash.Theeruptionlastedforabout3days.Whentheeruptionwasover,P.wasburiedunder20feetofvolcanicrockandash.ThecityofP.wasburiedandforgottenfor1,700years.

Intheyearof1748anItalianfarmerwasdiggingonhisfarm.Ashewasdigging,heuncoveredapartofawalloftheancientcityofP..Soonarchaeologistsbegantoexcavate–todig--inthearea.Astimewentby,muchoftheancientcityofP.wasuncovered.TodaytouristsfromallovertheworldcometoseetheruinsofthefamouscityofPompeii.

Chapter3 LanceArmstrong:

SurvivorandWinner

LanceArmstrongwasbornonSeptember18,1971inasuburbofDallas,Texas,calledPlano.Lancebeganrunningandswimmingcompetitivelywhenhewasonly10yearsold.Bythetimehewas13,hewascompetingintriathlonsandwontheIronKidsTriathlon.Lance’smother,whoraisedL.mostlybyherself,recognizedandencouragedhiscompetitivespirit.

Duringhissenioryearinhighschool,L.wasinvitedtotrainwiththeUSOlympiccyclingdevelopmentalteaminColorado.Fromthattimeon,L.focusedcompletelyoncycling.By1991,L.wastheUSNationalAmateurChampion.Healsowon2majornationalracesthesameyear--evenbeatingsomeprofessionalcyclists.

Althoughhewasgenerallydoingverywell,L.hadhisupsanddowns.In1992,hewasexpectedtodoverywellattheBarcelonaOlympics,butfinishedin14thplace.Thiswasabigdisappointment.L.gotoverthedisappointmentanddecidedtoturnprofessional.Inhisfirstprofessionalrace,the1992ClassicoSanSebastian,heendedupfinishingdeadlast,27minutesbehindthewinner.L.’smothercontinuedtoencourageL.throughhisdifficulttimes.

ThingswentmuchbetterforL.inthefollowingyears.In1993,hewastheyoungestpersontowintheWorldRaceChampionships.Inthesameyear,heenteredtheTourdeFranceforthefirsttime.Hewononestageoftherace,butdroppedoutoftheracebeforefinishing.In1995,heevenwontheClassicoS.S.,theracehehadfinishedlastin,in1992.L.alsowonthemostimportantUStournament,theTourduPont,2times,inboth1995and1996.By1996,L.wasranked7thamongcyclistsintheworld,andhesigneda2-yearcontractwithaFrenchracingteam.Atthattime,everythingwaslookingverygoodforL.A..

However,everythingchangeddramaticallyanddrasticallyinOctoberof1996,shortlyafterhis25thbirthday.Atthistime,L.wasdiagnosedwithadvancedcancerthathadalreadyspreadtohisbrainandlungs.Healmostimmediatelyunderwent2cancersurgeries.Afterthese2surgeries,hewasgivena50-50chanceofsurvivalashebegananaggressive3-monthcourseofchemotherapy.ThechemotherapyleftL.veryweak,butthetreatmentworkedwell.Quitesoonafter,L.wasdeclaredfreeofcancer.L.returnedtocyclingandtrainingonly5monthsafterhewasinitiallydiagnosedwithcancer.Hevowedhewouldreturntocompetitivecyclingbetterthanever.

However,hisFrenchcyclingteamdroppedL.fromtheteam.Theydidn’tbelievethatL.wouldeverbeabletoreturntohisformerlevelofstrengthandendurance.FortunatelytheUSPostalServiceTeambecamehisnewsponsor.WiththesupportoftheUSPostalServiceTeam,L.returnedtoracingin1998.Afteroneparticularlybaddayduringoneofhisraces,L.pulledoveranddecidedhewasdonewithracing.However,afterspendingtimewithhisreallygoodcyclingfriends,L.returnedtoracing,andagainhewasoffagaininpursuitofcyclingvictories!

L.’sbigcomebackwasmarkedbyhisvictoryatthe1999TourdeFrance.L.repeatedthisfeatintheyears2000,2001,2002,2003and2004,foratotalof6consecutivevictoriesintheTourdeFrance,themostprestigiousandthemostgruelingofallcyclingcontests.L.s’TourdeFrancerecordmayneverbebeatenorevenmatched.Interestingly,L.wastheyoungestpersontowintheWorldCyclingChampionshipsin1993andtheoldestpersonevertowintheTourdeFrancein2004!

Inadditiontohisamazingathleticperformance,L.A.hasestablishedtheL.A.Foundation,whichisdevotedtoprovidinginformationaboutcancerandsupporttocancervictims.HehasalsowrittenabookabouthislifeandwinningtheTdF,calledEverySecondCounts,andforL.,everysecondhascounted.

L.A.givesalotofcreditforhissuccesstohismother,whoseindependentspiritandsupportforL.inspiredhimtoovercomealloflife’sobstacles,bothonandofftheracetrack.Lance,inreturn,hasprovidedinspirationtomany,forhiscourage–bothathleticandpersonal.

Chapter4TheInternet:

HowitWorks

TheInternetconsistsofmillionsofcomputers,alllinkedtogetherintoagiganticnetwork.NoweverycomputerthatisconnectedtotheInternetispartofthisnetworkandcancommunicatewithanyotherconnectedcomputer.

Inordertocommunicatewitheachother,thesecomputersareequippedwithspecialcommunicationsoftware.ToconnecttotheInternet,theuserinstructsthecomputer’scommunicationsoftwaretocontacttheInternetServiceProvider,orISP.NowanInternetServiceProvider,orISP,isacompanythatprovidesInternetservicetoindividuals,organizations,orcompanies,usuallyforamonthlycharge.LocalISPsconnecttolargerISPs,whichinturnconnecttoevenlargerISPs.Ahierarchyofnetworksisformed.Andthishierarchyissomethinglikeapyramid,withlotsofsmallnetworksatthebottom,andfewerbutlargernetworksmovingupthepyramid.But,amazingly,thereisnoonesinglecontrollingnetworkatthetop.Instead,therearedozensofhigh-levelnetworks,whichagreetoconnectwitheachother.ItisthroughthisprocessthateveryoneontheInternetisabletoconnectwitheveryoneelseontheInternet,nomatterwhereheorsheisintheworld.

Howdoesinformationthatleavesonecomputertravelthroughallofthesenetworks,andarriveatitsdestination,anothercomputer,inafractionofasecond?

Theprocessdependsonrouters.Nowroutersarespecializedcomputerswhosejobistodirecttheinformationthroughthenetworks.Thedata,orinformation,inane-mailmessage,aWebpage,orafileisfirstbrokendownintotinypackets.Eachofthesepacketshastheaddressofthesenderandofthereceiver,andinformationonhowtoputthepacketsbacktogether.EachofthesepacketsisthensentoffthroughtheInternet.Andwhenapacketreachesarouter,therouterreadsitsdestinationaddress.Andtherouterthendecidesthebestroutetosendthepacketonitswaytoitsdestination.Allthepacketsmighttakethesamerouteortheymightgodifferentroutes.Finally,whenallthepacketsreachtheirdestination,theyareputbackintothecorrectorder.

Tohelpyouunderstandthisprocess,I’mgoingtoaskyoutothinkofthesepacketsofinformationaselectronicpostcards.Nowimaginethatyouwanttosendafriendabook,butyoucansenditonlyaspostcards.First,youwouldhavetocupupeachofthepagesofthebooktothesizeofthepostcards.Next,youwouldneedtowriteyouraddressandtheaddressofyourfriendoneachofthesepostcards.Youwouldalsoneedtonumberthepostcardssothatyourfriendcouldputtheminthecorrectorderafterhereceivesthepostcards.Aftercompletingthesesteps,youwouldputallthepostcardsinthemail.Youwouldhavenowaytoknowhoweachpostcardtraveledtoreachyourfriend.Somemightgobytruck,