跨文化交际整理版.docx

跨文化交际整理版.docx

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跨文化交际整理版

跨文化交际技巧参考答案

定义题

1、Interculturalcommunication跨文化交际P3

TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandWesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication."

2、Individualist个人主义

Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.

3、Collectivist集体主义

Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups（families,workunits,tribes,nations）,andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.

4、publicbehavior/privatebehavior

Publicbehavioristhebehaviorinpublicsettings,suchasinworkplaces,shopsandsoon.Privatebehavioristhebehaviorinprivatelife,suchaswhenyouareathomeorwithyourfamilyandsoon.Bothindividualistandcollectivistculturesmakeadistinctionbetweenpubliclifeandprivatelife.However,individualistWesternculturestendtomakeanespeciallyclearandfirmdistinctionbetweenthepublicandprivate,andgenerallyfeelthatthesetwoaspectsoflifeshouldbekeptseparatefromeachother.Inotherwords,Westernerstendtobelievethathavingapersonalrelationshipwithsomeoneshouldnotaffecthowyoutreatthatpersoninpublic,work-relatedsituations.

5、Generalizations文化的笼统性P26

It’saneutralwordwhichisageneralconclusiondrawingfromparticularexamplesorevidence.（Inanyculturegrouptherewillbemanydifferentbeliefsrepresented,butmostofthemembersofthegroupwilltendinacertaindirection.Itisthis"preponderanceofbelief,"—notuniformacceptanceofagivenbelief—thatgivesacultureitsnatureandisthelegitimatesubjectofgeneralization.Peopleinthesameculturesharemanythingsincommon,suchassharedknowledge,sharedvalues,sharedperspectives,sharedbeliefs,sharedbehavior.）

6、Stereotypes老套思路P26

Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.（Awayofthinkingthatdoesnotacknowledgeinternaldifferencewithinagroup,anddoesnotacknowledgeexceptiontoitsgeneralrulesorprinciples.Thesestereotypesareoftenbasedonaccurateinformationbuttheproblemisthatstereotypesblindustoother,equallyimportantaspectsofaperson'scharacterorbehavior.Stereotypesmayhavebeencreatedbydirectexperiencewithonlyoneortwopeoplefromaparticulargroup.Othersareprobablybasedonthesecond-handinformationandopinion,outputfromthemassmedia,andgeneralhabitsofthinking;theymayevenhavebeenformedwithoutanydirectexperiencewithindividualsfromthegroup.Yetmanypeoplearepreparedtoassumethatstereotypeisanaccuraterepresentationofallmembersofaspecificgroup.）

7、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33

Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.Ontheotherhand,however,mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue,atleasttosomeextent.Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality.

1）Westernersgenerallyhavelessrespectforseniority—age,positionandsoforth—thanwouldbethecaseinacollectivistculture.

2）Westernsocietiesoftentrytolimitthepowerofgovernmentofficials.

3）Westernerstendtohaveasomewhatsuspiciousandevennegativeviewofpowerandauthority.

8、Cultureshock文化冲击P36

Cultureshockisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.

9、ProjectedculturalsimilarityP48

Projectedculturalsimilarityisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo.Inotherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,"insideweareallmoreorlessthesame".Peoplefromdifferentcultureassumetheyunderstandeachotherinsteadofaskingeachotherwhattheythink.Becausetheyeachexpecttheotherpersontoreactmoreorlessthesamewaytheywould,theydon'tchecktoseewhetherornottheotherpersonactuallyhasthesamefeelingsandreactionstheywould.

10、loosecultureandtightculture

Looseculturedoesn’tdemandahighdegreeofconformity.Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Theyalsotendtoberelativelytolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.Andthereislesspressureonindividualswithinthesameculturetobehavethesamewaymostotherpeopleintheculturedo.

Tightculture:

expectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity.Thereisaclearconsensusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehaviorandthereismorepressureonpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.

Hereisanexampleofhowpeopledealwithpeoplewhoarebornleft-handed.Intightcultures,childrenwhofavortheirlefthandareencouragedorevenforcedtousetheirrighthandinstead,andthepercentageofleft-handedpeopleintheadultpopulationismuchsmaller.

11、Ethnocentrism民族优越感P59

"Ethnocentrism"isthetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthecenteroftheworldandidentifywithone’sin-groupandtoevaluateout-groupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandards;inotherwords,toassumethatone’sownculture'swayofthinkingandactingismorenatural,normal,andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefromotherculturesthinkandact,andtendtoviewone’sownculturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthingsasmorereal,orasthe‘right’andnaturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthings.

12、In-groupsandout-groupsP70

In-Groups:

“In-groups”arethepeoplewehavethemostincommonwithandidentifymostcloselywith,suchasourfamily,classmates,orco-workers.Wealsohavelargerin-groupssuchaspeoplewhoarefromourownregion,religiousgroup,ethnicgroup,ornation.In-groupsaregroupsofpeopleaboutwhosewelfareweareconcerned,withwhomwearewillingtocooperatewithoutdemandingequitablereturns,andseparationfromwhomleadstodiscomfortorevenpain.

Out-groups:

outgroupsarethosegroupsofpeoplewhowedonotidentifywith---peoplefromotherfamilies,regions,ethnicgroups,ornations.Out-groupsaregroupsofpeopleaboutwhosewelfarewearenotconcerned,andgroupswithwhomwerequireanequitablereturninordertocooperate.

13、warstoriesP80

Theterm“warstories”originallyreferredtothekindsofstoriessoldierswouldtellafterexperiencesinbattle.Now“warstories”refersmoregenerallytoanystoriespeopletellafterstrangeorstressfulexperiences,includingstoriesaboutunusualencounterswithforeigners.

问答题

1、Whywouldinterculturalcommunicationbemoredifficultthanthecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromthesameculture?

（Whyisithardtolearnaforeignculture?

）

先定义interculturalcommunication

1）Sixstumblingblocks

2）Assumingmoreculturalsimilaritiesleadstomisunderstanding

3）Languagedifference

4）Misinterpretingverbalcommunicationandbodylanguagefromothercountry

5）Stereotypeandpreconceptions

6）Evaluatebeforereallyunderstanding

7）Interactwithforeignersstressfullyandsufferfromcultureshock

8）Tendtogeneralizeorsimplify

9）Tendtodefinegroupsbyafewkeycharacteristic

10）Assumeeveryoneissimilar

2、Whataresomedifferencesbetweenanindividualistcultureandacollectivistone?

AreallWesternersindividual?

AreallChinesecollectivist?

先定义individualist和collectivist

（1）Westernerstendtobelievethatpeopleshouldrelyonthemselvesasmuchaspossible-andtheyusuallyexpectotherpeopletodothesame.Incontrast,peopleincollectivistculturesgenerallyfeeltheyhavearighttoexpecthelpfromothermembersoftheirgroups（family,classmates,andsoforth）,andtheyalsotendtofeeltheyhaveanobligationtohelpothermembersoftheirgroups.

（2）Westernersgenerallyfeelthattherightsofindividualsshouldnotbesubordinatedtotheneedsofalargergroup,oratleastthatindividualsshouldhavetorighttodecideforthemselveswhethertosacrificetheirbenefitforthesakeofthegroup.

（3）Westernerstendtobelievethatindividualsshouldmakedecisionsforthemselvesandthatindividua